Soil application of iron fertilizer to iron deficiency because of limited help + + Fe is rapidly oxidized. Foliar feeding of crops and direct injection in the branches and trunks of fruit trees + + Fe salts are preferred. In plants, one or several leaf feeding (weekly or once every two weeks) with ferrous sulfate solution, 2 to 3 ppt (down) to the 700-650 liters per hectare is usually required. Addition of iron sulfate, iron synthetic Kalat consumption is quite common. Kalat iron can also be added to the soil. Kalat for acid soils by HEDTA, EDTA and EDDHA to soils, neutral to alkaline soils are suitable.
Manganese fertilizers can be added to the soil or leaf feeding to be consumed directly. Consumption depending on soil and plant manganese sulfate may Hktarbashd 25-5 kg. For leaf feeding, usually 0.2 to 0.5% manganese sulfate solution is used.
Boron and molybdenum:
Boron and molybdenum are two elements that consume less food to be absorbed by plants with Vjvdshymy anion in the soil is completely different, so each will be discussed separately.
1 - B:
Total boron concentration in most soils varies between 2 to 200 ppm and usually less than 5 percent is used for plants (Tysdl et al 1985). Boron-containing minerals in the soil; Lsnyt tourmaline, tourmaline Avktnyt and Klmanyt are most important to them. Boron-containing minerals are often more resistant Hvadydgy plant available boron in soil organic matter decomposition, and deposition of boron adsorption on soil particles can be supplied.
Boron in the soil is very dynamic (as opposed to the plant dynamics, it is very low), resulting in its deficiency and toxicity are both important. Soils in wet areas such as Pdzvl sandy, alluvial soils and organic soils on the leaching of boron-containing small amounts of boron are usable plants. Boron deficiency in these soils in many countries, mainly the United States, Canada, Britain, New Zealand, India and Nigeria have been reported. Some soils in the United States Atlantic coastal plains, coastal regions of the Pacific Ocean, the Pacific Northwest, northern Michigan, Wisconsin and Mynvsyta are a small amount of boron.
Boron as sodium and chloride, is soluble and may be toxic in excessive salt and sodium in soils, alkaline soils with poor drainage and can be found in areas with shallow groundwater table. Irrigation water containing large amounts of boron is the main cause of its toxicity. Boron toxicity in the nature of its lack of size does not develop.
Boron fertilizer:
The boron through the soil and the leaves are sprayed. In terrestrial applications must be uniformly mixed with soil. Foliar nutrition of fruit orchards and crops such as cotton for the spray can is used. Boron can be easily mixed with insecticides. Boron is an important application of the method used. Half a kilogram per hectare of soil boron is recommended for use in the course of the increase in the level of play. 0.1 to 0.5 kg ha for foliar feeding is recommended.
2 - Mo:
The amount of molybdenum in the soil about 2 to 5 and the average is 2 mg kg (Tysdl et al, 1985). Molybdenum is an essential and Astvat by Arnon (1939) was reported. While its role in nitrogen fixation by Aztvbaktrkrvkvkvm by Bvrtls (1930) was established. Mulder (1948) showed that molybdenum for nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium is essential.
Responses of crop plants to molybdenum application the first time by Anderson (1942) for a kilogram per hectare of ammonium molybdate in clover pastures in southern Australia and Lvlyvm use had been reported. Then molybdenum was chosen as an essential component of fertilizer in Australia. Mo reaction closely related to soil characteristics and crop plants in the geographic pattern of low and high. Large areas of North America, Australia, New Zealand and East Europe may potentially have a molybdenum deficiency. The shortage of land with good drainage, leaching of acid soils and some sandy soils is expected. In response to this element of the U.S. Atlantic coast, California, Nebraska and North West Pacific, has been observed.
Should be noted that the molybdenum plant is needed in small quantities (mg ha) and seed storage often need to provide adequate molybdenum. For example, Veer and Hudson (1966) observed that symptoms of molybdenum deficiency in corn, even in poor soils when greater than 0.08 mg kg seed Mo was observed for seeds that molybdenum concentrations less than 0.02 mg kg Deficiency symptoms can be updated.
Molybdenum forms in soil:
Like other nutrients, Mo in the crystal lattice of primary and secondary minerals, oxides and hydroxides of iron and aluminum with transplantation, combined with soil organic matter, ion exchange and adsorption can be dissolved in the soil solution exists.
Molybdenum in the soil solution as ionic species HMoO-4, MoO2-4 and H2MoO4 there. Concentrations of these three species strongly depends on pH. MoO2-4 and then HMoO-4 is the dominant species. Absorption (solubility) and therefore both molybdenum species with increasing pH is high. At pH 6.5, 7.5 mM concentrations of MoO2-4 10 it is negative. Molybdenum concentration in soil solution is usually 2 to 8 mg Mg (in billions of parts) is. When the concentration of molybdenum is less than 4 mg Mg-1, the phenomenon spread (spread) the basic mechanism of transmission to the plant roots, and when its concentration over 4 mg Mg-1 reaches the bulk transfer of molybdenum to the plant on the mass are.
Symptoms of molybdenum deficiency in plants:
Molybdenum deficiency symptoms of nitrogen metabolism is intimately linked with the major part of the plant molybdenum enzyme nitrate reductase is concentrated. Molybdenum deficient plants, essentially of protein deficiency caused by the inability of the early process of nitrate reduction in suffering. The specific symptoms, usually deformed leaves and broccoli are in a tail whip. Deficiency symptoms in wheat as yellowing of old leaves and in severe cases, clusters are hollow. The most common deficiency symptoms in legumes and clover leaves are yellowing.
Molybdenum Toxicity to Animals:
Molybdenum toxicity in plants has rarely been reported and is not usually an issue of concern is very high amounts of molybdenum However Zalk (20 to 30 mg kg dry matter) in forage for animals that can make use of this forage is toxic. Mo poisoning caused by the disease in animals is known to Mvlybdnvsys Molybdenosis that the imbalance between the Cu - Mo is a disease in England and in New Zealand to Teart Peat scours known. In Mvlybdnvsys complication, compared with Cu / Mo in the forage for livestock feed in Canada West, was equal to two, while the ratio of about four has been reported in some British grasslands. Animals infected with defective bone growth are low. Adding copper to the daily diet can help prevent this disease. Mvlybdnvsys in the western United States, Canada, Britain and New Zealand have been reported.
Molybdenum fertilizers:
Molybdenum fertilizers, ammonium molybdate (NH4) 6 (Mo7O24.2H2O) containing 54% molybdenum, sodium molybdate Na2MoO4. 2H2O (containing 3% molybdenum) molybdenum trioxide MoO3 (containing 66% Mo) and Molybdenum frits (containing 30-1 per cent molybdenum) are. Molybdenum may be soil or foliar feed or seed treatment before planting is spent. Or by soaking seeds coated with molybdenum and easiest way to ensure there is minimal amounts of fertilizer. For terrestrial use, depending on the amount of soil and plants will vary from 35 to 350 grams per hectare.
K:
In many soils, potassium is higher than the rate of soil nitrogen and phosphorus. P K is 1.9% and 0.11% of Earth's crust. Potassium in the soil surface layer may be a few hundred kilograms per hectare in light sandy soils to heavy clay soils with lots of 50 000 kg per hectare in mica and silicate layers 1 and 2 are variable. In addition to its abundant, nitrogen or phosphorus and potassium to the soil is entered twice. Because:
1 - There is almost total potassium, a mineral form.
2 - Distribution of potassium in the soil profile and in some cases may also be a higher level of soil K under the earth.
Soil potassium forms:
Quadriform potassium in the soil there is a primary minerals, fixation, exchangeable and soluble potassium. Normally there is no potassium in the soil organic matter. Drkvdhay available potassium, organic and plant residue quickly washed and dissolved organic matter in soil and can be added to the reaction with the clay soil.
Potassium fertilizers:
Two major potassium fertilizer, Murray Klrvptasym or potassium (KCL) (with 50 to 52% K or 60 to 63% K2O) and potassium sulfate (K2SO4) (with 40 to 44% K or 48 to 53% K2O) are, Canada United States and Germany, both as mineral fertilizers are extracted from the mine. Potassium chloride, potassium sulfate is produced 20 times. So taking potassium chloride and potassium fertilizers in the world makes up the bulk. Potassium sulphate, containing about 17 percent of sulfur is also the advantage that for areas with shortages of fertilizer is sulfur.
Small amount of potassium as well as double salts of potassium and magnesium are presented. KClMgSO43H2O) Kainite) containing 15.99 percent, or 19.2% potassium, magnesium and 13% sulfur is 94.9K2O percent. Langbeinite that the K-Mag or Sul-Po-Mag is released, a hypothetical combination of K and 18.5% K2O 7.22 percent and 71.11 percent and 23.18 percent sulfur is magnesium. This material has the advantage that the magnesium and sulfur are used concurrently with potassium.
A small amount of potassium as potassium nitrate (36.7% K or 44% K2O) and potassium phosphate (13.26% of P or 60-30 percent or 50-30 percent P2O5 and K from 41.7 to 25 percent K2O) is used. In addition, the United States have some form of potassium phosphate, potassium poly (26 to 17.5 percent, P or P2O5 and 40 to 18.3 percent 60-40 percent 48-22 percent K or K2O) is consumed.
Selection of potassium fertilizers:
Murray for most plants if potassium or potassium Klrvptasym used. The application of fertilizers is the fact that the ion cl, apart from its role in plant nutrition, growth of pathogenic organisms such as stem rot and stalk rot disease in wheat and corn are Pakhvrh.
Potassium sulfate is commonly used in tobacco, because excessive intake can reduce the overall quality of the fuel. Potassium sulfate, potato starch for the production of specific gravity higher and higher, are preferred to other types of potassium fertilizers. The use of potassium sulphate soils deficient in sulfur, it is preferred to alfalfa in Wisconsin and Nebraska.
Effective use of potassium fertilizers:
For effective use of potassium fertilizers to the factors 1 - Earth 2 - The climate, particularly rainfall and 3 - in the plant.
The silicate layers of soils with a 1: 2 and mineral mix to stabilize significant amounts of potassium. The leaching of potassium in these soils is not considered a serious problem. The sandy soils and soils in which kaolinite is the dominant mineral soils, such as tropical and subtropical regions (which are located in areas with high rainfall) is high in potassium leaching (leaching as previously discussed in this section is about) So when and how to apply K fertilizer is of considerable importance. Fajrya (1982) found that in the paddy fields in Brazil, efficient use of modest amounts of potassium fertilizers (Kgha-1 45-30) to the tape player, used to double the size it was in the playing surface and mixing it with soil. Application tape is useful when the soil is poor in terms of potassium and low levels of potassium in the medium used. Application of large amounts of fertilizers in the cultivation of a climate stack (tape) may cause local salinity and damage to seedlings. Drkhakhayy that have potential leaching of potassium fertilizer application to the surface and mixing it spread to a depth of 20 cm from the tape player is further considered. Consumption Kgha-1 100 and mixing it with soil, potassium 1.2 mmol Drhrkylvgrm of the soil increased, while the method of application tape 80 kg potassium per hectare, in bands of width 8 cm and 80 cm distance meters of each other, the amount of exchangeable potassium in strips of 10 mmol per kg soil increased the soil was not able to maintain this amount of potassium and lead to severe leaching of potassium and the other hand, the soil's ability to stabilize K possess, use low to moderate amounts of potassium to the strip method, is useful for row crop like corn.
Application of split application of potassium (in part as part of the planting and road) in order to prevent leaching losses and the effects of annual and perennial Drgyahan salt is recommended. Beneficial effects of split application of potassium in the number of products in various countries such as rice cultivation, India, Japan, Bangladesh and Malaysia, bananas and pineapples in South Africa, coffee, sugar beet, cotton and cassava have been reported in Brazil.
Genotypic differences in plant species in relation to potassium nutrition is well known, for example, glass and Prly (1980) large differences in absorption + K in the atmosphere within 6 days after germination figures have shown. Currently of great interest to identify genotypes that are able to withstand the stresses of various nutrients (including potassium) are seen.

P:
Phosphorus than nitrogen which makes up 79 percent of Earth's atmosphere, phosphorus is found in mineral deposits and non-renewable natural resources are considered as.The problem for many countries that are free of phosphate rock, is very important and serious. Phosphor minerals extraction and distribution of phosphorus fertilizer in the area due to limited phosphorus sources, is unsustainable and the future production of fertilizers faced with the problem.
There is another difference between nitrogen and phosphorus, which is the nitrogen by different processes such as sublimation ammonia, and nitrate leaching losses from soil are de readily consume it in large part due to Ghyrpvyayy phosphate ions react with the Fe , Ca and Al in soil solution exist, remain. Therefore, fertilizers containing soluble phosphorus compounds of less soluble or insoluble form player in the field to come quickly. Only 15 to 20 percent of the phosphorus fertilizer plant is used as an absorbent and they absorb less of the fertilizer plant will be next (residual effect). Therefore, effective management, especially phosphorus in soils with high phosphorus fixation, such as Oxy-Sol Oltan tropical soul and can be very complex.
Soil phosphorus:
Soil phosphorus than nitrogen or potassium, and about one fourth to one-tenth of the total nitrogen and potassium is one twelfth (Brady 1990). Total phosphorus from the soil surface and under the earth may warm up to a few mg kg Drkylvgrm vary Unlike nitrogen and phosphorus that can be accumulated in the earth Sthalarz may be less, equal or higher than its value in is Treason.
Inorganic phosphorus:
Inorganic phosphorus compounds in soil as calcium, aluminum and iron, calcium and phosphate is found in neutral to alkaline soils are predominant, whereas iron and aluminum phosphates in acid soils are predominant. Small amounts of phosphorus in the soil solution there is equilibrium with solid phase minerals. Phosphorus concentrations in soil solution is usually about 0.05 mg and 0.3 mg of intact fertilizer Drkhakhay seldom exceeds. When a water-soluble phosphate fertilizers like super phosphate or ammonium phosphate is added to the soil immediately after the dissolution of ions of phosphate ions in soil solution, Fe, Ca and Al in the solution reacts to form insoluble compounds can be and adsorption are clay particles. This process is known to stabilize the phosphate compounds and the formation of reaction products are called phosphates.
Ionic forms of inorganic phosphate are pH-dependent. At pH between 4 to 6 as part of phosphorus in the soil solution and the water-soluble ions is 4 H2po are easily absorbed by plant roots. The phosphorus in soil pH between 6.5 to 7.5 to 4 H2po and 4 Hpo is. not well-Ion 4 H2po can be absorbed by plants. Ion is dominant at pH 8 to 10. In such circumstances the sodium ions in the soil exchange phase, the predominant amount of phosphate, sodium phosphate is formed and hydrolyzed, its solubility is high. At pH greater than 10 dominant form of phosphorus, and in the absence of sodium phosphate, phosphorus for plants is not absorbable. At pH below 3 is not observed in agricultural soils in the form of phosphorus H3po4 (phosphoric acid) exists and is extremely active and reactive and rational is the fact that the highly acidic Drkhakhay Oltan soul and soul fixation of phosphorus oxychloride was rapid and In order to ensure optimal plant growth, large amounts of phosphorous fertilizer should be used.
Organic phosphorus:
Half a gram of soil organic phosphorus from mg to kg soil is variable (20 to 80 percent of total phosphorus). Organic phosphorus depends on factors such as climate, vegetation, soil, land, fertilizer, drainage, irrigation and so on. Some of these factors are interdependent.In warm regions around 35.2% and 48.6% in cold areas, there is an organic form of phosphorus. The amount of organic phosphorus and organic Drkhakhay Pitt, is higher than mineral soils. Mineral soils than in heavy textured soils of light texture, phosphorus, there is more organic form. Organic phosphorus, organic phosphorus tends to accumulate in the soil because it is part of organic matter. Sedimentary organic soils are also available, although the amount of phosphorus in the earth surface is Azkhak. Starting in the early part of the process of soil phosphorus in the apatite rock that gradually by a process of chemical and biological state is the solution.
That phosphorus is thus Vardmhlvl, or again as a secondary mineral phosphate can precipitate or be consumed by microorganisms Vgyahan after their death and destruction and degradation of available phosphorus make up what the processes making improvements to the soil, organic P accumulates. However, in advanced stages of soil-building process when all the elements are out playing and silicate (or Oxy Oltan soul to soul) and Oxy-hydroxides of iron oxide and aluminum phosphate, iron and aluminum are the dominant soil and sediment are formed. Iron and aluminum hydroxides may precipitate zinc phosphate, iron and aluminum cover. Hvadydgy soils are in advanced stages, may be a significant amount of secondary phosphate minerals have been covered. Organic phosphorus in these soils greatly reduced. Found in tropical regions of the world's soul and that soul Oltan Oxy are several reasons why the amount of organic matter are low and little bit of organic phosphorus in these soils, although if there is too much phosphorus in the soils, not excessive amount of organic phosphorus respectively. Three types of organic phosphorus, inositol phosphates (inositol Astrfsfat) C6H6 (OH) 6, nucleic acid and lipid phosphatides have ever known. These three forms may be 50 to 70 percent of soil organic phosphorus.
Phosphorus deficiency symptoms in plants:
Phosphorus in plants is very dynamic and it occurs when a shortage of phosphorus in tissues of young and old will be transported to the meristem tissue. Small leaves with darker green than normal, red tape and Khshkydgy tip leaves are indicative of phosphorus deficiency. Other signs in the fine grain products like wheat, including stop and slow growth, poor tillering and delay in reaching the product.
Phosphate fertilizers:
Poly-phosphate than that obtained from elemental phosphorus, all phosphate fertilizers are produced from phosphate rock. Phosphate rock in the entire world is estimated at 41 000 million Mg. Countries that are most important deposits, including Morocco (20,000 million Mg), USSR (8000 million Mg), United States (5700 million Mg), Republic of South Africa (1,800 million Mg), China (1000 million Mg), Desert Western (850 million Mg) and Australia (800 million Mg) are. Other countries that are important in terms of phosphate reserves in Tanzania, Senegal, Algeria, Egypt, Togo, in Africa, Mexico, Brazil and Peru in South America, Jordan and Syria are in Asia.
Most rock phosphate minerals, including fluoride, hydroxide, chloride and carbonate - are apatite. The building has a phosphate apatite and therefore it is not available to plants, unless the building is broken by some process that allows these two methods is the reaction of phosphate rock with a strong acid such as sulfuric acid, nitric, hydrochloric, phosphoric and-> with calcium stones, and the reaction mixture are shown. When heat is applied to ions fluoride, chloride, hydroxyl and carbonate minerals present in the form of gases, CO2, Cl, F or water vapor are released and Break Down the mineral structure. When phosphate rock is used Drkhakhay acid, acid soil, such as strong acids, but also depending on the crystal structure of minerals in pH can also coming. Phosphate rock, about 11 to 16 percent phosphorus (25 to 37% P2O5) and 33 to 36 percent of their calcium.
Familiar with the terminology:
Phosphate fertilizers may be contained in one or more forms. And the thick poly-phosphate (such Pyrvtry poly phosphate) are. Because these forms with different solubility is a certain terminology has been used to define them.
1 - phosphorus soluble in water:
in water is called. Mnvklsym phosphate [Ca (H2PO4) 2] (the combination of conventional fertilizers or thick) Mnvamvnyvm phosphate [NH4H2PO4] Persian month Dey ammonium phosphate [NH4) 2HPO4)] and potassium phosphate [KH2PO4] are soluble in water.
2 - phosphorus soluble in citrate:
After extraction of water soluble phosphorus fertilizer remains in a given time by a normal solution of ammonium citrate at a pH of seven is extracted (1960, AOAC). The clear solution is measured and phosphorus fertilizers is calculated based on weight and can be expressed. This section is called citrate soluble phosphorus. In some European countries instead of neutral ammonium citrate alkaline ammonium citrate for extracting phosphorus from fertilizer use.
Extractant alkaline solution extracted less phosphorus, and some researchers have observed that these values ​​are better correlated with plant growth, phosphorus absorption. Although in most countries for the extraction of soluble P in neutral ammonium citrate citrate solution is used.
3 - available phosphorus:
The total phosphorus soluble in water and citrate soluble phosphorus that can be used for plants, available phosphorus is called.
4 - P Total:
The total water-soluble, non-soluble phosphorus, soluble phosphorus, citrate and citrate (citrate phosphate remaining after extraction of soluble phosphorus), total phosphorus fertilizers known. Together and the total phosphorus can also be measured directly.
Phosphate fertilizers:
Super phosphate is simple:
The fertilizer is produced from the reaction of phosphate rock with strong sulfuric acid. 7 to 9.5% phosphorus (16 to 22% P2O5) Mnvklsym form of phosphate (MCP) is. And 90 percent of it is soluble in water. 11 to 12% sulfur as calcium sulfate and sulfur to soils that are deficient, is appropriate.
Triple super phosphate:
The fertilizer is produced from the reaction of phosphate rock with phosphoric acid and about 19 to 32 percent phosphorus (44 to 52% P2O5) to the MCP, and all of it is soluble in water.
Enriched super phosphate:
This fertilizer, sulfuric and phosphoric acids with a mixture of phosphate rock reaction occurs about 11 to 13 percent phosphorus (25 to 30 percent - P2O5) and 95% is soluble in water.
Super phosphate, ammonium:
The substance of the ordinary or triple super phosphate reaction with anhydrous ammonia or ammonia solution and about 2 to 6 percent nitrogen, 6 to 21 percent phosphorus (14 to 49% P2O5) there. NH gave way to super phosphate fertilizer to add nitrogen to be. But this amount of water-soluble phosphorus in the typical amount of super phosphate and triple superphosphate, 20 percent to 50 percent decrease. Phosphorus, dissolved phosphorus fertilizer for plants to show the answer, NH to a high standard super phosphate has an inhibiting effect on the ability of P uptake by plants.

Ammonium phosphate:
This material is produced by reacting phosphoric acid with ammonia, and both combined MAP (menu ammonium phosphate) and DAP (Persian month Dey ammonium phosphate) are widely used. Hot phosphate Mnvamvnyvm 0-48-11 (21% P) to 0-55-11 (26% P) and di ammonium phosphate, a 0-48-16 (21% P) 0-46-18 (20 percent P) 0-53-21 (23% P) is nitrogen and phosphorus.
When mixed with sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid and ammonia are combined, the resulting product, ammonium sulfate, phosphate, 0-20-16 (8.6% P) is. 0-28-28 to obtain urea ammonium phosphate (12.2% P) can be used to make urea ammonium phosphate added Persian month Dey.
Nitric or Nytrvfsfat:
The reaction of nitric acid with phosphate rock materials are obtained.Of sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid in some of the processes associated with nitric acid for the conversion of calcium sulfate or calcium nitrate, calcium phosphate is used. To paste the result of acid, ammonia is added to the final product contains various salts of ammonium phosphate, di calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate and ammonium nitrate is.
Depending on the solubility of the nitric phosphate process used may be changed from 0 to 8 percent in terms of plant response to fertilizer when the fertilizer for plants than water-soluble phosphorus reacts, to be used , nitric phosphates, which is 30 percent or less water-soluble phosphorus fertilizers may be attributed to the poor is much higher in them (Prasad 1976).
Drkhakhay nitric acid and phosphate consumption with relatively long periods of growth such as grass or cane gives the best result (Tysdl 1985).
Ammonium Poly-phosphate:
This article by researchers at the Tennessee Valley, NH United States with a mixture of super phosphoric acid with phosphorous acid in a process of more than 30 percent and Artvfsfryk water was produced and promoted. This leads to the production process with 0-62-15 fertilizer (27% P) is. There are two types of liquid and solid ammonium poly phosphate. Poly phosphate before being absorbed by plants to become Artvfsfryk acid. The hydrolyzed by the enzyme Pyrvfsfataz in most soils, there are (Tabatabai and Elks, 1986). Prasad and Vngvpaln (1989) reported half-life of the polymer poly phosphate ammonium phosphate in liquid Drkhakhay anaerobic conditions from 2 to 1.6 days and 7.2 to 5.2 days has been Drkhakhay aerobic conditions. The above values ​​for solid poly-phosphate, 9.2 to 3.9 under anaerobic and aerobic conditions was 27 to 12.5 days. In this study it was found that the hydrolysis Drkhakhay Laterite highest, the average amount of sodium in soils and alluvial soils had the lowest rate. Soil factors that may affect the hydrolysis of ammonium poly-phosphate, the pH (more alkaline hydrolysis rate in the soil is acidic). Temperature (the temperature will increase the amount of hydrolysis), texture and soil moisture storage capacity (in terms of hydrolysis of flooding is high).
Ammonium Poly-phosphate in addition to high levels of micronutrients in the food is produced and Kalat benefit due to a certain time is needed to convert them to Artvfsfat of consolidation also reduces phosphorus.
Thermal phosphate:
The phosphate fertilizers are obtained by heating the rock phosphate during the manufacturing process of thermal fusion of two Vklsym Zdayy generally occurs.
At temperatures below the boiling point of calcium Zdayy and fusion temperature is above the boiling point. The materials are the materials of the porous calcium Zdayy fusion step can be crystallized. Some of the most important fertility of this group is as follows.
1 - phosphate rock or mud in the Persian month Dey Flvyvrh that the composition of phosphate rock phosphate or phosphate rock that silicate mineral that has been separated during the extraction with water as a powder or paste obtained from the pulp obtained hot oil with a temperature of 1480 ° C to 1590 ° C for 30 min is passed through. 200 mesh sieve and 60 percent of this material are separated by this Article 9 percent of total phosphorus (21% P2O5), which is 8% soluble in water.
2 - by the calcium phosphate Rnanya Zdayy mixed alkali phosphate rock, ash and silicon at 1100 ° C to 1200 ° C obtained and then cooled. 12% of total phosphorus in the manure (28% P2O5) and 11.8% citrate-soluble phosphorus (18% P2O5) there.
3 - crystal magnesium silicate - rock phosphate from phosphate rock with olivine or serpentine heating at 1550 ° C is obtained. This fertilizer contains 10 percent of total phosphorus (22.5% P2O5) is citrate-soluble phosphorus and 8%.
4 - Basic Aslag alloy industry is a byproduct. Basic Aslag in the United States has about 3% P2O5, while in Europe the amount of 14 to 18% P2O5 and P2O5 in India is 3 to 1.5 percent.
The main causes of non-use of thermal phosphates include (1) being insoluble phosphorus and (2) high energy consumption for production of these products that they are expensive (3) lack of value in the fertilizer industry, because these products can not be combined with ammonia.
Phosphate rock with minor acidification:
In countries where there is a natural sulfur, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid takes cost is high, or import from abroad. In low-acid, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid is done by touching, usually half the acid is consumed. In highly acidic soils and soils with high phosphorus fixation Red Category Latvsvl (Oxy-Sol), the fertilizer can be used as a super phosphate fertilizer in rice fields and sugar beet thick should be used. (Fagry, 1990), which is sometimes better than ordinary super phosphate or triple acts (Mareva Injunction, 1989) and the pH around the fertilizer granules in this material than the surrounding pH is quite acid fertilizers be eaten there. This reduces the solubility of the acid Drkhakhay Fe, Al, and thus reduce phosphorus is immobilized. The remnants of fertilizer and its reactions in the soil may be greater solubility of super phosphate are normal or thick.
Phosphate rock:
Phosphate rock 11 to 16 percent phosphorus (P2O5 37-25%) and apatite, and as much of it is insoluble in water. Depending on grade phosphate rock and its chemical composition, the amount of citrate-soluble phosphorus, total phosphorus varies from 5 to 17 percent. Direct consumption of phosphate rock powder Drkhakhay acid is recommended. The red-brown soils Latvsvl (Oxy-Sul), with a very acidic pH and high P fixation capacity, Brazilian phosphate rock used in rice fields and sugar beet in the second year is a very good response, such as triple superphosphate and phosphate rock in the first year to was negligible because the acidity in the soil gradually takes effect on fertilizer (Fagrya 1991). In a study of North Drkarvlynay relative effectiveness of the crop (for Super Concentrated Phosphate is considered 100 percent) of phosphate rock ranged from 36 to 100 percent.
Phosphorus fertilizers are not only differ in the percentage of phosphorus in phosphorus, but also differ in shape. Selection of fertilizer depends on soil type, the product must be planted and the price per unit is p.
Management, effective use of phosphorus:
The management has three different components: 1 - natural solutions for efficient use of phosphorus in the soil 2 - strategies for effective use of phosphorus fertilizer 3 - solutions for the direct consumption of phosphate rock.
1 - strategies for effective use of natural soil phosphorus:
1-1 - plant species and plant varieties with high efficiency in P uptake:
Ability of a plant species and varieties differ in growth and production in soil phosphorus levels are low. The Lanrgan Theory (1978) Differences in the ability of plants Drjzb phosphorus from the soil due to three properties is minimal. 1 - physiological ability to absorb phosphorus from dilute solutions of 2 - activity leading to increased fuel and Sazgyah solubility of phosphorus is absorbed. 3 - The ability of root systems in a wide distribution within the soil. Plant species with deep roots can better absorb phosphorus to the soil naturally. Varieties of a species in natural phosphorus uptake and growth in low phosphorus conditions, have different abilities. The action of phosphorus species that in some circumstances, can produce a better product and show good response to added phosphorus, are more desired. Fajrya and colleagues (1988) 25 different rice varieties cultivated in Brazil Oxy's soul and found that seven of them to rest with a higher efficiency of phosphorus use.

1-2 - Use of mycorrhiza (VAM) (Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza):
In many species, the effect of mycorrhiza on phosphorus uptake by roots is well. VAM with a simple mechanism used by plants to improve soil phosphorus; 1 - Increase physical contact with the soil, 2 - chemical changes in the rhizosphere and 3 - physiological differences that exist between VAM and root.
Hyf high growth and release of phosphorus in the soil reduces the length of VAM and P uptake by plants is increased. Aside from its diameter, thinner VAM (from 2 to 4 mm) compared with the roots of hairy (10-7 mm), the specific surface area higher to attract the will and the ability to Hyf gives into the pores of soil and organic matter by hairy roots can not be that way.
VAM also secreted into the rhizosphere chemicals that increase the solubility of phosphorus less soluble Fsfataz·hayy Kalat or help to change. Most studies on the use of VAM in the controlled conditions.
1-3 - Use Fsfvbaktryvm:
Bacterium Bacillus meghatherum var. biological phosphorus fertilizers is a bacteria that phosphobacterim Drshvrvy the former for increased phosphorus was used. These bacteria are going to mineralize organic phosphorus in soils. 50% of plants in soils of the former Soviet Union that were impregnated with the bacteria, had a 20 percent more product. From neutral to alkaline soils with high organic matter, the best result was obtained. Positive response to phosphorus in bacteria has also been reported in India. However, field experiments, in wheat, sorghum, rye, Alaska, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota and Texas, there was no answer. Also, the climate and soil bacteria, phosphorus, bacteria can act well, it seems necessary.
2 - strategies for effective use of phosphate fertilizers:
Due to the high reactivity with soluble P fertilizers in the soil solution cations and anions and cations of the clay particles and organic matter, phosphorus should not move from their initial placement. The key to effective use of phosphorus, its placement deep in the roots grow near the young. Although recommendations for the use of phosphate fertilizers in liquid form is available Brgpashy before or simultaneously with it, but most phosphate fertilizers are added to the soil.However, in recent years have suggested that although the player is about phosphate in rice fields.
Knowledge of the racing roots of plants to determine the best method of fertilizer placement and the location is very good. If in the early stages of growth, a strong vertical main roots like the roots of cotton, tobacco, and often a grain legume production, fertilizer placement just below the seed may be the best solution. If a large lateral root growth in the early stages of production, (grain) side placement of fertilizer may be the best method. Increased volume and root growth in soils treated with phosphate fertilizer to soils is well intact.
Drgyahany practical solutions that are row crops, fertilizer placement is in between the rows. Only products that have been cultivated in the basin mixed fertilizer with the soil may well be deep in the broadcast band placement of fertilizer phosphate level is low and maintain direct contact with soil fertilizer phosphorus decreases. Reduced use of fertilizers for the stabilization of coarse grains may play a more effective fertilizer is fine grain.
In countries where rice is the main product is expensive and imported phosphate fertilizers and soil stabilization are doing too much phosphorus. Before transplanting rice seedlings into the soil and fertilizer phosphate in aqueous solution can work efficiency and economic efficiency of fertilizer use increases.
3 - solutions for the direct use of phosphate rock:
In the acid soils of pH less than 5/5 to 6 are directly from phosphate rock can be used for this purpose, phosphate rock must be crushed to release the necessary speed to that of phosphorus. In determining the amount of soluble phosphorus released to-grade phosphate rock has a more important role.
The use of phosphorus in phosphate rock plant species have different abilities that may be related to cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a root. That root cation exchange capacity (CEC) are high, their ability to extract phosphorus from phosphate ore is also more. The relationship between pH upon the roots (rhizosphere) and phosphorus uptake by roots has been observed. I can Fayopyron esculentum L. plant roots acidify the medium has come, the solubility of phosphate rock particles but not the ability.
A number of strategies to increase the efficiency of rock phosphate has been discussed in the following:
1 - mixing rock phosphate fertilizers containing soluble P means that the minimum amount of inorganic phosphate rocks with soluble phosphorus-containing fertilizers like super phosphate are mixed. These two substances in the mixture will depend on soil conditions and type of product. Fajrya and colleagues (1990) have also suggested that the use of phosphate rock with a soluble fertilizer phosphorus, a very useful approach for improving the status of phosphorus in soils is considered. They were advised that the rock phosphate into soluble phosphate fertilizer playing surface and the tape used.
2 - mixing rock phosphate with elemental sulfur or sulfur containing compounds. Mixing rock phosphate with elemental sulfur from the early twentieth century for the increased use of phosphate rock was suggested (Lippman et al, 1916). This mixture of sulfur by bacteria during the self (self-culture) chemical Thiobacillus and Thiobacillus Tyvaksydans Tyvbarvs oxidized to sulfuric acid and increases the solubility of phosphorus in phosphate rock is. Used a mixture of phosphate rock and sulfur by factors such as pH, temperature, water, soil, percentage and particle size affect the mix.
Asvaby (1975) mixed with rock phosphate and sulfur bacteria Thiobacillus, Thiobacillus Tyvparvs Tyvaksydans and stained, and they called Byvsvpr biosuper. The mixture of tropical pasture soils compared with mixtures without bacteria is preferred.
Iron pyrite as a source of sulfur mixed with rock phosphate has been proposed. The solution for analysis of phosphate rock with low (18-20% P2O5), which are not suitable for the manufacture of phosphate fertilizers in solution is proposed.
3 - The use of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PS) (Phosphate Solubilizing). Main place of microorganisms in the soil or the seed is the PS. Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms have been found in all soils, but the number of different Drkhakhay varies depending on soil, climate and history of culture (Chvnkar and Rao, 1967, Kasy, 1983). However Zalk prepared from cultured isolates of PS, many strains of bacteria may have produced solutions (phosphate) to lose. Recent greenhouse study, P uptake by plants inoculated with bacteria was equal to or more plants that they were super phosphate.
Several studies have been performed on the PS microorganisms, including VAM (Mykrvryz) is also.
Effects of VAM and PS seems to be dedicated or (Psoudomonas, Agrobacteriumsp) in the solution of phosphorus in rock phosphate are added together. In natural conditions, the effects of PS to the interaction of organisms with biological community and how to adapt them to survive environmental conditions depends on the soil.
4 - other methods. Many of these techniques have been proposed to increase the solubility of phosphate rock phosphate.
- Combining nitrogen fertilizer with rock phosphate fertilizer in bands or aggregation
- Preparation of compost or organic fertilizers have stayed with the animal
- The use of legume crops in rotation with thin root cut Rhizosphere pH and calcium concentration.
Claire:
Due to the ubiquitous chlorine in water and soil there, as a food ingredient, it will not pay much attention until 1954 Brvyr and it proved to be necessary. Chlorine is a gaseous element or ion - Cl is absorbed by plants and in addition to osmotic regulation, biochemical role in the plant. Analysis of chlorine in the water molecule involved in photosynthesis Ftvsystm II. Of several enzymes such as ATP, alpha-amylase and Sparzhyn synthetase activity of the chloride ions are required.shows. If the cell is a window into the process when water enters the guard cells to open stomata helps. Due to the high dynamics and tolerance of high concentration of chloride ion seems appropriate when the electric load balancing cations such as + K are transported from the cell membrane, is (Fyksn 1993). Rare plants of chlorine needed for the biochemical activity of more than 100 mg kg dry matter is. The chlorine concentration is usually very high in 2000 to 20 000 mg kg there.
Chlorine deficiency:
Like other elements, lack of vegetation to plant varies lamina tip wilting and yellowing of the green, great and necrosis are common symptoms of chlorine deficiency. Also with limited root growth and lateral roots become thickened and shortened and Srchmaqy feature is the lack of chlorine. Leaves in the atmosphere may be tubular, long and complex than normal leaves and lower growth and are more fragile than normal leaves. Color in potato leaves are bright green and has a coarse appearance (with high vertical bumps). Chlorine deficiency in coconut trees, old leaves with yellow or piebald (Mottling) are orange and the top and sides of the leaves are dry.
Chlorine toxicity symptoms:
Toxic effects on plants too much chlorine in the soil and most of its lack of interest is located. The main effect of high concentrations of chloride in soil solution is the result of increased osmotic pressure of soil water potential for plants to reduce water use, the plant is wilting (drought induced by chlorine). Most fruit trees, grapes and nuts (Berrg) and ornamental plants are sensitive to chloride ions and when the chlorine concentration in the leaves to reach 0.5% dry matter, leaf blight symptoms develop (Tysdl et al, 1985). In tobacco and tomato leaves become thickened and may cause the tube.
Interaction with other nutrients:
Uptake of nitrate and sulfate ions from chlorine to avoid competition. Faryab red spring wheat in Montana with fungi (Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici) were inoculated in the leg, leprosy, when ammonium nitrogen was used to form such a reaction was observed (Ayngl and m, 1988). In potatoes, tomatoes, beans, tobacco, barley and wheat uptake of nitrate and chloride are competing with (Fyksn, 1993). For example, when the external environment, half a cubic meter CaSO4 plus 0.5 M KCl with 0.25 mol m mol m Ca (NO3) 2 was used, the chlorine concentration in roots was the general atmosphere in shoot up to 40 percent.
Preparation of chlorine nitrate in acid soils to prevent the cessation of nitrate concentration of 46 to 125 mg per kg of soil is necessary for such a high concentration of chloride ions in saline soils is observed. For example, Christensen and Burt (1985) showed that at pH 5/5 with the use of ammonium chloride NH +4- N/NO-3-N ratio of 1: 3 for 12 days are left of ammonium sulfate. This feature of the inhibition of nitrate by chlorine by the lime bloom when the pH to 6/6 respectively, were observed.
Interactions of chlorine and phosphorus seems to be that way, there are complex and unknown. Uptake of phosphorus in some cases with high chlorine consumption, increases, while in other cases the absorption is not affected or even less (Fyksn 1993). Manganese increases the release of KCl application and increase its absorption by the plant are toxic, even to the border.When planting is proposed to add KCl.
Chlorine and plant diseases:
It is reported that consumption of chlorine effect on a number of different species of plant diseases, prevent or reduce these effects.
Reaction of chlorine plants to fertilize:
Many researches in this case the United States in the North West plains of North America has been done on wheat.It seems that the corn grain in comparison with other work in the interest of the fertilizer potential is less than chlorine. Coconut and palm oil to fertilize more than chlorine, especially at 20 to 25 miles from the sea show a significant reaction.

Chlorine fertilizers:
Potassium chloride (47% Cl), ammonium chloride (66% chlorine), calcium chloride (65% Cl), magnesium chloride (74% chlorine) and sodium chloride (66% Cl), chlorinated fertilizers are common.
Calcium and magnesium:
Calcium and magnesium, two elements of secondary food and containing some common feature that some of them are as follows.
1 - The two elements have only one active state capacity (bivalent cations), 2 - any two elements form cations are absorbed by plants, 3 - both are fundamental Dvnasr, 4 - in the nature of the dolomite limestone exist.
However, the presence and role in relation to their act in different plants. Calcium in the cell wall there is a role in cell division and therefore an important component in building the plant is usually a non-dynamic elements in plants. Calcium in the soil as a toxicity of heavy metals such as nickel metal lifter and other toxic metals that may be acts.Magnesium is also a structural component of ribosomes, and therefore has an important role in protein synthesis. Magnesium in the plant is fully functional.
Calcium and magnesium deficiency symptoms:
»(bitter pit) in the apple is a prominent example. Glgah burn (blossom-end rot) in tomato, soybean fungal diseases and low quality of the other samples it is. End bud growth and root tip cells Drgyahan stops. Severe calcium deficiency prevents the rise in corn and young leaves are opening, and leaf tip may be coated with a sticky gel. Leaves to stick together and create a ladder appearance. Unlike calcium, magnesium is active in the plant and deficiency symptoms in the lower leaves first (older) appears. Magnesium deficiency in corn caused vein chlorosis of older leaves and green veins only remain. The lower leaves of cotton in a field of red, reddish purple is obvious that gradually becomes brown and necrotic.
Behsaz materials having calcium and magnesium:
Most materials having calcium and magnesium as a reformer calcareous materials are used in acid soils. The calcareous materials, gypsum, also due to its higher solubility in water than limestone, Ca ensure attention has been paid peanuts. Calcium uptake by roots is not transferred to the pods growing in the absorption of calcium for growing pods, seeds to grow directly from the soil solution is needed. For this reason, usually cast as a band or playing surface at the initial stage of the bloom. + + Ca release from the plaster is affected by particle size, so usually a powdered material is used. Gypsum application increased the grain yield per pod Similarly, materials, fine crystalline powder (wet) were better than other materials. Dolomite is widely used magnesium as the reformer. Another material commonly used for this purpose, salt Apsvm (MgSO4) is that when magnesium deficiency can also be seen in later stages of growth, the leaf spray was used. Magnesium deficiency in citrus orchards of California, with alternate leaves sprayed Mg (NO3) 2 has been fixed. Kalat and magnesium are also marketed and used.
Sulfur:
With sulfur, calcium and magnesium in the list of secondary plant food elements may be due to the classification criteria for primary and secondary nutrient or low, based on the amount that comes out of the soil by plants, that this class will not longitudinal nutrient classification should be reviewed because magnesium, sulfur and phosphorus uptake by plants is almost as much in some cases, may be even higher in phosphorus and calcium to be absorbed by some species. Most plants by sulfur, nitrogen uptake is 10 to 15 percent. Sulfur uptake by plants to phosphorus, varies substantially.
Sulfur deficiency symptoms Drgyahan:
Sulfur, nitrogen behavior in plants is similar, the reasons for this similarity, the task of spreading the soil on which they plant sulfur deficiency symptoms in plants such as nitrogen deficiency and sulfur-deficient plants are pale yellow, however, lower than the mobility of sulfur Drgyahan of nitrogen is usually the young leaves are pale yellow. Older leaves remain green, but the lack of nitrogen in this situation is reversed. There are many exceptions in cases of deficiency symptoms. The general symptoms include: pale, curved plants with short and weak stems. Using Nitrogen Among these symptoms are not. Plant species to show significant signs of sulfur deficiency are different.
Plants need sulfur:
Species and varieties of plants need sulfur are significant differences. Spencer (1975) plants have been divided into three main groups: Group (I), which includes broccoli and cabbage is a great need to have a Sulfur (80-20 kg sulfur per hectare), group (II) include crops intermediate need to have a Sulfur (50-10 kg ha sulfur), group (III), including cereals, forage plants and other crops that have little need to sulfur (25-5 kg ​​sulfur per hectare). Tendon (1991) based on a hypothetical calculation for sulfur (sulfur per kilogram of grain Mg) to 4-3 kg for cereals, 8 kg of grain legumes (beans) and 12 kg for oil seeds (soybean , sunflower, etc.) offers.
Sulfur fertilization:
Sulfur in the past with ammonium sulfate, super phosphate and potassium sulphate tap is added to the soil. But with the use of high analysis fertilizers such as anhydrous ammonium, urea, ammonium phosphate, D (DAP) and ammonium poly phosphate (APP) The use of sulfur has decreased gradually. So where is the need for more sulfur, depending on availability and plant materials and soils as elemental sulfur, pyrite Jypsvm or used.

Copper and zinc:
Copper, like iron oxidation and reduction processes in the company's plants. This element of the enzymes that are involved Hydrvksylh the Mnvfnl compounds. The oxidized copper compounds and polymers such as lignin and melanin creates copper on the toxicity of superoxide is oxidized to the amine donor and the electron transfer is Znjyz·h and usually acts as an oxidizing cytoplasm. Newly revised Hystvsvl acidic (organic soils) are a Copper deficiency, therefore, it correction of the disease (reclamation disease) is called. Copper deficiency in the United States, Florida, Wisconsin, Michigan and New York, where vegetables are cultivated fruit trees, is very common. Copper deficiency in the U.S. Canada, Manitoba, Alberta, Saskatchewan and PEI have been reported. Response to copper grain in Australia (Rabvn and 1984), United States (Varvl 1983), Scotland (Rys 1968) and Canada (Karmanvs et al, 1986) have been reported.
Zinc is a transition element, but both the third and fourth orbital is filled. Ion zinc (+ Zn 2) loss of electrons is formed in S4 + + Ca reactions similar acts (Harter, 1991). On the various enzymatic activities such as auxin metabolism, dehydrogenase, phosphodiesterase and esterase Systvkrm C, is involved. Zinc deficiency, copper deficiency is more common and potentially in nature, there is a shortage in the world. In the United States and India is now known that most states require one or more types of products supplied on completion. Analysis of soil samples from 40 different regions of India showed that 50% of samples of plant uptake of zinc deficiency are available. Large areas in Canada, Europe, Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Central and South Africa and Brazil are having a shortage. Slightly acidic sandy soils which are on the whole, calcareous soils, soils with high phosphorus fertilization and soils have been under the earth leveling operations have been exposed or are exposed to wind and water erosion, are prone to zinc deficiency ( zinc deficiency in Iran due to high pH and calcareous soils, little organic matter, being Bykrbnath irrigation waters and high intake of phosphorus fertilizers is common). Although the chemistry of copper and zinc in soils and their role in plants have many differences but also has similarities are: 1 - are both metal and 2 - both the bivalent cations are attracting 3 + + Zn + + Cu and - tendency to combine with the sulfur and the presence of copper and zinc sulfide in the Earth's crust have to. 4 - The capacity of Zn and Cu 2 +, 1 + and zero ionic form in the soil solution are low.
Deficiency symptoms in plants:
1 - Copper:
In cereals such as wheat and oats that have received adequate copper, copper concentration in the tillering stage may be from 5 to 21 mg kg, while the amount of alfalfa may be from 54 to 99 mg per kg dry matter is variable, when the copper concentration in plant dry matter to be less than 4 mg kg, there is likely to lack the copper concentration of 55 mg kg Timothy and wheat did not show any signs of toxicity.
Copper deficiency symptoms first appear in the upper plant. The lack of progress in the youngest leaves are pale yellow and eventually dry leaf tips and margins will be like in the case of potassium deficiency. The osmotic pressure in leaf vegetables lose and come in a greenish blue (Tysdl et al 1985). The most sensitive species to copper deficiency, alfalfa, wheat, barley, oats and onions are.
2 - on:
Drghlaty such as wheat and barley that have received a sufficient concentration of Zn in the tillering stage, may be from 20 to 123 mg per kg dry matter, or even more, the change is expected when the concentration of Zn deficiency on plant to be less than mg 20 mg kg dry matter. While zinc toxicity when its concentration is 400 mg kg dry matter, can appear (Tysdl and colleagues 1985).
Corn and bean crops and citrus fruits in the garden products, are sensitive to Zn deficiency. Experience has shown that in Asian countries, rice is also sensitive to Zn deficiency.
Since that Ghyrpvyast Zn in plants, deficiency symptoms in growing points and young leaves can be seen in the corn, young leaves are yellow to white (which are sometimes striped) and plant growth will stop. Therefore, it sprouts white (White bud) say.Zn deficiency in citrus leaves into a pile of mostly bare branches at the top can be seen that the Vrdmayy (Rosette) is called. Other diseases associated with zinc deficiency include Ryzbrgy (Little leaf) in the Fern leaf in cotton and potato.
Copper and zinc fertilizers:
The most famous and most used source of copper (CuSO4.5H2O) and Zn in ZnSO4 is well. The amount of copper and zinc deficient soils usually contain 25-10 kg per hectare, CuSO4 or ZnSO4, depending on soil texture, have been proposed, in the context of heavier, higher is recommended.
Adding copper is generally more efficient. When a plant is deficient can be seen feeding on the leaves did. Half percent solution (W / V) of CuSO4 or ZnSO4, with a small amount of lime (0.5 kg in 100 liters) is recommended in these cases. This action (by adding lime) to prevent the burning of leaves when the Kalat is used, the amount consumed is much less. Foliar feeding is the preferred application in Kalat.
N:
We live in a climate that is 79 percent nitrogen (N) and still the most limiting element nitrogen in food production is biological. There are several forms of nitrogen in agricultural ecosystems. Capacity because it can be different within an ecosystem. Nitrogen capacity primarily depends on the soil environment and is surrounded by Mykrvsayt. Nitrogen transformation and conversion from one mode to another capacity will form the basis of the nitrogen cycle.
For example, atmospheric N2 gas (with time zero) to a variety of oxides by lightning and eventually converted to nitrate (the first 5 +) has been changed and the rain reaches the surface and is absorbed by growing plants. The N2 gas through the germ can be stabilized with ammonium (the first 3 -) and NH3 conversion in various biochemical reactions in the plant is used. When plant residues are decomposed into several microbial nitrogen they leave behind and eventually reaches a state that can be returned to nitrate. In aerobic conditions, nitrate can be restored to the various oxides and eventually acquires the form of N2 gas. Nitrogen inputs like fertilizers and organic fertilizers are also exposed to germs such changes. Nitrogen cycle is very complex and is influenced by several factors.
The overall estimate of the nitrogen in the biosphere suggests that the nitrogen compounds in soil, compared to 11 818 ocean phrase: 70:1 distribution is therefore a major part of the biosphere to the atmosphere is nitrogen.Animal and plant residues and soil nitrogen through fixation by plants and trees Lgvmynvz and compounds such as nitrate source is rain.
The total nitrogen content of 15 to 20 cm soil surface layer of about 0.01 (or even less in desert soils) to more than 2.5% of the peat is variable. Nitrogen in soils under the earth, usually less than the surface layer is higher because organic residues remain on the soil surface. Under appropriate conditions, the amount of organic nitrogen was converted to inorganic nitrogen and eventually may form ammonium nitrate-NO3 + NH4 and in the future. However, only a small fraction of total nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen in the soil. Most of the organic nitrogen in the soil surface to form there. Drmzary that fertilizers are not used, non-legume plants, organic nitrogen mineralization of soil nitrogen needed for the gain. The soil under the earth (especially those who are illite clay) non-exchangeable ammonium nitrogen in the form of clays network and largely confined to non-attracting plants are.
Organic nitrogen in soil:
Soil organic nitrogen containing proteins (20 to 40 percent), amino sugars, including hex amine (5 to 10 percent), purine and pyrimidine derivatives (1% or less) and the unknown complex compounds by reaction with ammonium lignin, polymerization Kynvn with sugars and amine compounds are composed of nitrogen and the density is. Of organic nitrogen compounds as well as clay - humus, which are resistant against degradation. This explains why only a small fraction of unusable nitrogen becomes available for crop production.
Nitrogen mineralization of soil organic matter:
Nitrogen mineralization of soil organic matter is a process during which germ form of organic nitrogen is converted to inorganic forms (ammonium, nitrite, nitrate). Mineralization in three consecutive stages, namely Mynyzasyvn, ammonia and nitrate-making process occurs. The first reaction by heterotrophic microorganisms (non-self) is done. While the third by the bacteria autotrophs (self) takes place.
Non self-sufficient in energy through oxidation of organic compounds, carbon gain, while the self-energy requirements and carbon needed for their special salt from soil bicarbonate gain. Soil organic nitrogen from the decomposition of plant material is eventually returned to the soil. This may be two forms of organic nitrogen, are relatively accessible (plant residues and microbial biomass) and more resistant to degradation of organic compounds (Lygnvprvtyyn, various Hvmat and condensed aromatic molecules) exist.
Nitrogen fertilizer:
Increase nitrogen use efficiency:
Since the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer by nitrogen uptake by plants and biomass production is determined, so that all the factors on biomass production, nitrogen concentration in plant tissues have effect on the amount of effective nitrogen use efficiency. This is almost five factors, soil factors, vegetation, environmental, agricultural operations are divided into management and fertilization. Some of these factors are described below.
Soil factors:
1 - high fertility, very fertile soils of nitrogen show little reaction.
2 - texture and structure, nitrogen leaching in sandy soils is low.
3 - pH, salinity and alkalinity, ammonia sublimation occurs in alkaline calcareous soils.
4 - topography, surface runoff often occurs in elevated areas.
5 - drainage, poor drainage can lead to increased loss of nitrate nitrogen by the bleaching.
Plant factors:
1 - Select plants (plants which grow to be better than the other) and its performance potential (potential N uptake)
2 - Select a plant variety, growth period, potential performance and efficiency of food
3 - varieties resistant to diseases, pests, drought and other stressors
4 - resistant varieties of soil constraints such as logging, salinity, alkalinity and nutrient toxicity
Environmental factors:
1 - rainfall and its distribution, heavy rain can cause runoff and leaching is more
2 - hours and sunny days, long days, heat units
3 - The occurrence and duration of overnight frost and low temperature
4 - precipitation hail, thunder storm with lightning, a tornado, wind damage
Farm operations:
1 - Early cultures, a considerable amount of delay can reduce product.
2 - Proper plant density
3 - Management of water in irrigation, insufficient arable land and water conservation in dry lands.
4 - sufficient to inhibit weed
Fertilization management:
1 - fertilizer plant in accordance with the requirements
2 - Method of application of fertilizer in order to reduce casualties
3 - The time of fertilizer application with plant stage that is most needed.
4 - The modified urea nitrogen ratio-NH4 + / NO3 and liquid fertilizers
5 - and fertilizer amendments, urease inhibitors, nitrates building, giving a coating on ordinary fertilizers, urea coated.
Nitrogen consumption:

Nitrogen application methods:
and economically.
Time of nitrogen application:
, growth stage and soil, these values ​​can be equal or different from each other.
Inhibitors of nitrate:
Ammonium or ammonium producing fertilizers after taking office, when they were converted to nitrate by nitrate leaching or bleaching may be wasted. Thus, delaying a solution of nitrate nitrogen to reduce losses and increase efficiency in its use is proposed.be prevented. Of nitrate inhibitors (NIs) (Nitrification inhibitors) chemicals such as N-serve or Nytrapyryn (NP) (Dvklrv - [6 more Klrvmtyl] pyridine) are.DCD (D Syandy amide), ST (two amide and Tyazvl Svlfanyl), Tyvavrh, or ether diol or Frvzvl Dyazvl, (5 Atvksy -3 - more Klrvmtyl 1, 2 and 4 Tyady Zvl) and MBT (two Mrkaptvbnzv Tyazvl) are. A natural substance that is obtained from plant seed Azadiraclita indica Juss, has the effect of inhibition of nitrate (failings and Prasad, 1975, Thomas and Prasad 1982) in the NIS field of application has had mixed results. Some researchers use it to reach higher performance and efficiency, while others failed to achieve better results. (Prasad and Power 1995). In field experiments on rice were conducted in the Indian Agricultural Research Center of inhibitors DCD, ST, AM, and positive responses were normal. (Failings, Prasad, 1977, profits efficient and Prasad 1986).The effect of different types of fertilizer in wheat was 0.5 Mg ha. Field experiments were conducted in Japan showed that the addition of AM The amount of rice would increase by Waltz and colleagues (1989) with DCD use in rice fields in parts of California, Texas, Mississippi and Arkansas have reported an increase in product value. DCD will be useful in case of flooding of the field after urea consumed more than 14 days to take. NIs increase in corn fields in the eastern United States increased 70 percent the amount of product that was obtained in field experiments in India, was used (Nelson and Huber 1980). The results of consumer surveys and Nytrapyryn DCD in the United States has shown that the highest yield of NIs in coarse textured soils is consumed. Southeastern United States conducted experiments that showed that due to high soil temperature is less than the benefits of NIs in the corn fields. Well and frequently, signaling Tvnsnd (1980) observed that the use of light and sandy soils, except for NP, with no increase in performance. Cotton was sensitive to DCD and product consumption decreases.
Nitrogenous fertilizers will drop (Slow-Release N Fertilizers):
These materials, many agricultural experts, geologists, soil, and fertilizer manufacturers throughout the world have been attracted. And are divided into two categories
1 - chemicals that can be solved, such as urea, Aksamyd, January Ayzvbvtyldyn urea (IBDU) (Isobutylidene Diurea).
2 - urea and other nitrogen fertilizers such as coated, sulfur, plaster and plastic, which prevents moisture penetration into the manure.
Sulfur-coated urea (SCU) (Sulfur-Coated Urea):
Sulfur-coated urea fertilizers are getting rid of it by researchers at the Tennessee Valley have been extensively tested and recommended because of the slow release of nitrogen from manure and fertilizer placement in Asydzayy sulfur, ammonia sublimation and loss of use of such substances decreases. SCU widely used in rice farming has been tested.
January Ayzvbvtylydyn urea (IBDU):
IBUD, as a nitrogen source, the subject of many studies in Japan, where this material has been developed, respectively. (Hamamvtv, 1986). The material used in equal amounts of nitrogen than ammonium sulfate, 20 Drsdmhsvl has produced more rice. The substance in the United States (Hughes 1976) and India (Rajal, 1975) has also been evaluated. N release from IBDU fertilizer is dependent on soil pH and grain size. Hughes (1976) reported that N release from IBDU Drkhakhay faster than acidic soils are alkaline.

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خرما میوه ای بسیار قدیمی است و نام آن در قرآن كریم ۴۲ بار تكرار شده است. این میوه پرخاصیت برای مردم كشورهای اروپایی و آمریكایی تا حدی نا آشناست و آن را فقط در كیك و شیرینی مصرف می كنند ولی در خاور میانه مخصوصاً در كشورهای عربی به عنوان یك غذای اصلی به كار می رود. می گویند درخت خرما از قدیم در فلسطین به فراوانی وجود داشته به طوری كه در ناحیه بین دریای گالیله و دریای مرده جنگل بزرگی از خرما بوده است.
در مسیحیت برگ درخت خرما سمبل و نشانه شهادت و شهدایی است كه در راه دیانت حضرت مسیح جان باخته اند.
خرما (Dates) میوه ای بسیار مقوی است كه مواد معدنی بسیاری چون آهن، پتاسیم، روی، و منگنز و ویتامین A-B-E را داراست. تحقیقات درباره خرما نشان داده كه این میوه می تواند از بسیاری از سرطان ها مانند سرطان كولون معده و... پیشگیری كند. یكی از خواص خرما ملین بودن آن است. البته اگر ۶ تا ۷ عدد خرما را در ۲ لیوان آب جوش خیس كرده و صبح و شب آن را به صورت گرم بنوشید و یا مقداری خرما میل كنید و بلافاصله یك تا دو لیوان آب گرم روی آن بنوشید.
خاصیت دیگر خرما، خنثی كردن اسید اضافی معده است از آنجا كه زیادی اسید معده باعث ترش كردن و دل درد می شود، بنابراین هر وقت دل درد گرفتید می توانید فرمول چینی ها در طب سنتی را استفاده كنید.
بدین طریق كه ۲ تا ۳ عدد خرمای تازه و له شده را در آب جوش بیندازید بعد آن را هم زده و بنوشید. خرما را به عنوان میوه نیز می توان مصرف كرد. همچنین حتماً برای خواب راحت تر و آرامش بیشتر شام خود را در حدود ساعت ۷ بعد از ظهر صرف كرده و قبل از خواب یك عدد خرما و یك لیوان شیر گرم میل كنید.
خرما برای افراد سالمند و بچه ها بسیار مفید است. سعی كنید به جای قند و شكر از خرما برای نوشیدن چای استفاده كنید و یا در طباخی از آن استفاده بیشتری ببرید. ورزشكاران به علت فعالیت زیاد به طور حتم باید از عصرانه ای مقوی كه با خرما باشد استفاده كنند.
مصرف خرما، روش شناخته شده ای برای درمان سرطان و سایر بیماری های عفونی است.
علت ابتلای بسیار كم ساكنان شبه جزیره عربستان به بیماری هایی نظیر تصلب شرایین، مرض قند و سرطان مصرف فراوان خرما است.
خرما می تواند با مهار رادیكال های آزاد از تخریب مولكولی و جهش رسانی ناشی از این رادیكال ها جلوگیری كند.
خرما دارای قند زیادی است. حدود ۷۰درصد آن را كربوهیدرات تشكیل می دهد كه ۶۰ تا ۶۵ درصد آن قندهای گلوكز و فروكتوز و ۲‎/۵ درصد فیبر غذایی است.
به همین دلیل برای افرادی كه نمی توانند ساكاروز را تحمل كنند مناسب است.
گلوكوز و فروكتوز از ساكاروز مشتق می شوند. این قندها به راحتی و فوراً توسط بدن جذب شده، بدون نیاز به هضم در بدن تولید انرژی كرده و یا ذخیره می شوند.
یك كیلوخرما بیش از ۳۰۰۰ كالری انرژی تولید می كند.
خرما به تنهایی یك منبع غنی مواد معدنی است. فسفر موجود در خرما به اندازه مجموع فسفر موجود در زردآلو، گلابی و انگور است.
به دلیل سدیم كم آن (۱ میلی گرم در ۱۰۰ گرم خرما)، برای افراد دچار فشار خون بالا كه بایستی رژیم كم سدیم داشته باشند، مفید است. آهن موجود در خرما (۳ میلی گرم در ۱۰۰ گرم خرما) یك سوم RDA یا نیاز روزانه مردان به آهن را تأمین می كند.
فیبر موجود در خرما برای بهبود عملكرد سیستم گوارش و هضم و دفع مواد غذایی مفید است.