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Chapter I

Important characteristics of earthworms

1. Biology

11 important characteristics of earthworms

In terms of historical background, earthworms come to about 600 million years ago and since then we have witnessed the evolution of plant and animal species. Appearance of this species during this period of little change between different species are not found and now also turned to a considerable difference of opinion.

These precious creatures, for several million years the Earth's surface area in comfort and silence, and the way you and have played an important role in nutrient cycling and the favorable conditions for better growth of plants have developed.

They are crisp and cylindrical body shape. Frame into the general body cavity of earthworms to continue. Number of rings varies by species. With increasing age, greater number of rings.

Each cycle of the worm body contains a series of annular muscle that opens and closes, the displacement of the worm. Of course this ring muscles, longitudinal muscles too.

The narrower end of the cylindrical body Janvryst earthworm ventral surface is relatively flat and low Rngtr the dorsal surface is darker, this creature lacks a clear head and a number of different species have different body parts in each and every one of the two clauses are separated by transverse grooves.

Mouth in the first paragraph (I) is and has been building and meat is no rigid appendage mouth in four different forms of earthworms denominator is that each has a specific name at the end of the body is located. (Fig. 1)

Nfrydyvpvr [1] or excretory orifice in the ventral lateral surface of the body on both sides and in all clauses except clauses III-I is secreted calcareous glands are at the end of the pore.

[1]. Nephridiopore

Figure (1) The outer structure of earthworms

Size of 111

Earthworms are in the linear range. Of less than two inches to three feet in a variety of tropical species Parvvs Bymastvs Lvmbdykvs Trystrys length, body creams, even as a distinct species, according to PH and moisture changes.

112 color

Earthworms color largely depends on the presence or absence of seed shape and seed color or color the cells in the muscle layer of the cuticle are present. Brown and cream color like red or a combination of Lvmbrykvs Trstrys and sometimes inclined to green. This is partly due to the color yellow fluid in the cavity Klragvzhn public or green cells near the surface of the body. Lvbvfvra like Klrvtyka [1], which has green and red belt is feminine.

Ventral surface of the worms with a lighter color than the dorsal surface of the grains, although sometimes the worms in the body color but not quite play as dark bands of color in between the vertebrate and vertebrate body paragraphs in the body, such as seen brighter Ayzynya Fvtyda [ 2] in a number of small aquatic worms, yellow pigments, red, orange, green or they appear in the epidermis. Hands of earthworms, but because Rngnd colorless or low blood hemoglobin in the capillary surface and the transparent membrane of the body, often appeared pink or reddish, whereas the body wall is opaque and tends to Sfydnd colorless worms. Cream-colored rainbow is firmly fixed in formalin, while the colorless colors pink and red worms are rapidly disappearing.

The color of earthworms and soil depth also varies depending on the type of environment for the worms worms in soil Sthalarz Thtalarz Rngytrnd or those living in the plant remains of other species and are also color Qrmztr species that live below the soil surface and the material mineral nutrition, which is gray or bluish-gray and relatively dry, often darker-colored species of worms in wet areas

Addition of species such as red Lvmbrykvs, and Dndrvbyna Ayzynya and live in the soil. While living in deeper layers of the colorless, earthworms will protect against sun damage

Some earthworm species are able to do Byvlvmynsans [2] are some species like Yznya, Dyplvkardya [3] and also Lvmbrykvs Mayvryty species [4]. This phenomenon occurs when connected to Lvsyfryn and luciferase Klragvzhn cells [5], to suddenly be out of the window to a landscape dorsal surface of the worm body. The number of photons emitted by Lvmbrykvs Mayvryty between 1014 × 90/81013 × 41/4 is the photon, which is the average amount of 1014 × 29/3 photons are considered. Different researchers have different causes for the occurrence of earthworms as Byvlvmynsans have some on the belief that it is a defense mechanism against Shkargrhayy night looking for earthworms and other factors of this phenomenon for communication with other members as or perhaps as a step towards attracting the opposite sex know. Internal structure of the earthworm body 114 consists of two tubes inside the outer tube and the tube wall, the body's digestive cavity. Public void space between the tube body is formed with a curtain Spta [6] which is made of connective tissue and Containers section and between circles 1 and 2 shall not Spta the peritoneal cavity fluid, or public There are Slvmyk Mybvsyst cells floating in it. Peritoneal fluid is milky white, sometimes because of the frequency of cells containing lipid material, such as Dndrvbyna is yellow in [7] that the oil droplets containing cells. Garlic odor of the liquid in the Ayzynya Ftyda. Fluid concentrations in different species of earthworms is different and depends on local conditions of humidity and pastoral worms that live in the earthworm dry weather conditions this fluid is thicker than those that live in damp conditions. (Figure 2). Earthworm gut contains parts of the mouth (no teeth but has a very strong oral muscles), pharynx, esophagus (with calcitonin Forouz glands [8] which is responsible for the secretion Klysm carbonate), Chynhdan [9] (with a food storage compartment thin wall), gizzard (muscular chamber that its wall is thick, place grinding and mixing), and the denominator is the intestine. Disposal site or waste fluid secreted by the pores in the body of the Hungarian Nfrydy side surfaces of each ring, there is another one on the right side and left side. These wastes, including Mvkvyydhay Aztdar, urea and ammonia that are released into solution and the biological conditions of the earthworm is relatively dry, as more waste is urea. [1]. Bioluminesence [2]. Luminescence is the light output of any object for any reason other than temperature, in fact, when excited atom returns to the initial state, out of the photon. [3]. Diplocardia [4]. Lumbircus mauritii [5]. Luciferin and Luciferase locked in Chloragogene cells [6]. Septa [7]. Dendrobena [8]. Calciferous [9]. The Maw (2) parts of the digestive tract of an earthworm pharynx, esophagus 2, 3 Chynhdan, 4 and 5 intestinal gizzard 12 121 reproductive organ physiology earthworm earthworm is an animal is both male and female sex alone the time and reproductive organs are all in the abdomen. Male reproductive system consists of: 1 pair of very small testes, two testes are located behind a cone that Mzhkdar. 3 Channel 4 Channel Afran vas deferens, which eventually finds its relationship to the male genital orifice for any particular information on a ward is being determined. Testes and sperm within six vesicle are Mzhkdar Qyfhay Jftand and three buildings possess saccate seminal bags surrounding the esophagus. Asprmatvzhvn usually reach full maturity before the testes are removed during other stages of his semen inside the bags and thus makes the mating of adult Asprmatvzhvn Qyfhay Hungarian Mzhkdar and has crossed into another body is cream. Female reproductive organs are: the ventral is one of a pair of ovaries and their ovular in the body caused by spilled into the general cavity and eventually into the holes are collected by two Qyfhay Avydakt is Avydakt. Asprmatvzvn into the body during mating material was collected and stored in bags receiving semen and eggs, which are located inside the cocoon is Kshnydh. (Figure 3) Figure (3) male and female reproductive tract and the lateral surface of the earthworm is shown above. Mating 122 mating methods are not the same for all species, earthworms can reproduce most of the months and months, especially when humidity is higher, an increase of cross fertilization and usually lasts 2 to 3 hours during mating, two worms ventral surface of their bodies are on each other and stick together so that the front door of each other and in opposite directions are more tightly together and the two worms in a worm broken Sita area covered by the connection and plunge into another worm body cream by two glandular secretions stick tightly to each other. When particles of the mucus secreted by the worm so that it covered up does not have any sperm oxygen because oxygen is harmful to sperm. How to get worms is such that part of the belt in front of the genital pore Asprmatyka another cream that is the way the sperm duct and by a piece of adhesive between the ninth and the posterior margin of genital belt, two duct adhesive to stick in a cream Article XV of the seminal groove pair of belts is increased along genital and Asprmatvzhn the grooves of the body through a worm, another worm semen is received into the bag. The two worms are separated from each belt mating genital mucous discharge from the production of chitin, which is called cocoon or Kvkvn and form a coating on the outer surface of the body is seen. Figure (4) mating and cocoon production in earthworms is barrel-shaped cocoon first and it is open on both sides of the tense muscles in the cocoon and the cocoon gradually will move forward or to the head of the earthworm. When crossing the canal, winning one or more eggs are eggs in it and move on to the head worm cocoons when they entered the chamber where sperm are stored and where it is sperm insemination is performed. The chitin covering the head continues its motion toward and finally closed out the bottom of the cylinder head and which is almost the lemon. Later, a number of cocoons per worm (Cocoon) that allows the eggs are inside their eggs within each of several cocoons seen that only one or two of them managed to complete development to adult animals are within the E.Foetida 3 to 5 days a cocoon between 2 to 10 eggs, each containing from 1 to 28 numbers will change, but often only one or two to bring the cream and the world comes alive and an adult worm of the species L. rubelus every 7 to 10 days, which puts an egg in there for about 2 to 20 embryos. The cocoon of a calcareous tube around the belt and the belt is excreted in the paragraphs in which the cocoon is egg and albumin (nutrients) in the cocoon when it is entered on the genital belt and after a while cocoon on the ground in wet placed, the size and shape is different earthworms and cocoons of the classification criteria are used. (Figure 5) Figure (5) different kinds of earthworms Pylhhay Grvnhhay work produced by the protective cocoon of the chick embryo in the egg capsules of the earthworm in the developed and the feeding of nutrients within the cocoon is at first colorless capsules gradually yellow color in the air, are greenish yellow or dark brown. Finally, the capsule is somewhat difficult. Less than one centimeter in size shape and color of cocoons of earthworms used in the classification. Complete embryonic cell divisions are unequal. Small cells in the ectoderm of the embryo Blastvla upper and larger cells have been formed in the lower Ndvdrmy. Mzvblasty two cells in the dorsal body surface area, which later forms will thrive. Between the ectoderm and are absorbed into the cells Ndvdrm. Blastvla is that the spherical shape is flat and is added to the long cylindrical epithelial cells Ndvdrmy to come and it will develop in the ectoderm around the lower abdominal surface Gastrvlasyvn turned heads with its convex edge downward, and gradually folding finds Thus they are closer integration of the tube first and then goes into the intestinal tract. At the end of this tube is Blastvpvr then creates mouth. After a while the denominator of the mouth caused. (Figure 6) Figure (6) embryonic stages of earthworms that are marked with numbers. Then step inside the cocoon that is Gastrvlasyvn of albumin into the embryonic gut is, and will provide nutrition embryos. Embryo development usually takes several weeks to lay eggs in wet ground conditions, the temperature is 16 to 27 ° C within 14 to 20 days in the care and small worms come out of it. The total time period of fetal growth week to week, the number of cocoons produced in the name of the 12 9 3 11 E.fetida 5/38 30 5/8 42 D. sabrubicunda 53 37 16 106 L.rubelus 5/48 36 5/12 27 A.chloretica 70 53 17 8 E. rosa 74 55 19 27 A.caliginosa Table 1 Number and growth of earthworms and their parents of the young worms have grown and evolved rapidly and in a belt about 60 to 90-day genital ridge near the head of the reproductive organ is appears. When these organs were fully developed, mature and can reproduce the earthworm. A red earthworm mature within 10 months, 3 to 4 inches long, it seems, since information about the lifespan of earthworms come to believe that an earthworm can, but some can live to 15 years. Normally consider the lifespan of earthworms between 101 and it usually depends on the number of cocoons produced is life no matter how many Kpsvlhayy Thus it is that produces more, life expectancy is less than the cream. Figure (7) The life cycle of the earthworm species Ftyda Yznya report obtained from the Philippines indicate that earthworm growth and reproduction of P.excavalus quickly finds and a pair of earthworm growers can cream of young worms in 17 to 31 do production for one month, which is dependent on age and weight of earthworms. A worm, weighing 4/0 g and aged 6 to 4 weeks to start the reproduction. H.Roetidus red earthworm breeders in America have been able to have 2 to 4 embryos from eggs that are produced every 5 days at temperatures of 21 ° C do. The young worms can hatch within 22 days to come. If the temperature reaches 24 ° C to produce more eggs and young worms can come out in a shorter duration of the egg. Red earthworms in the 5/3 to 4 months are over. According to surveys taken in the reproduction of their weight and population density of earthworms had a significant role (Figure 1). Time Chart No. 1: The beginning and duration of growth and reproduction of earthworms in containers produced by incubation of Pylhhay Figure 2: The proliferation and increasing the cocoons in containers so that the incubation time is observed from a high population of earthworms 32-25 weeks of age at reproduction is stopped is if you can lower the density of earthworms reproduce them about 44 to 45 weeks and will continue until the various diets on the survival of the cocoon (Cocoons) in each period birth multiply the effects of impact. 13 morphology of the important points in the classification of earthworms is their morphology and appearance of the outer extremities of the terms in this part of earthworms that are important in their classification are described. 131 pieces in the first paragraph of oral mouth opens and the dorsal side of his mouth before (Prostomium) form a lip that hung from the mouth. (Figure 8) Figure 8: Different species of earthworms in the mouth, a mouth shape and size among different species and in some species is very small and hardly detectable. How to connect a mouth cream varied depending on the type and classification of earthworms is considered an important characteristic. These connections depending on the mouth before earthworms, Zaygvlvbvs (Zygolobous) Prvlvbvs (Prolobous) Tanylvbvs (Tanylobous) and Apylvbvs (Epilobous) have been named. Some aquatic species in the mouth before the forward growth and will become a trunk or sucker. 132 silk fibers (Setac) silk fibers as short Khark·hay in the follicle wall and the body are located. This means that the limb Khark earthworms are actually composed of chitin, which have redundancy at the end of the inner layer after passing through the annular muscles are muscles of the lower longitudinal expansion and contraction of the muscles will move to different directions. Taran species with low strings to various forms of needle or rod-shaped and fork are rarely among them share common fibers is about gender Lvmbrykvs shape and about 1 mm in length. The Kharg in the waist and the shape of the genitals, there are differences with the other paragraphs Khark·hay Khark position on any form of a ring is defined as the number and distribution in the family way Lvmbrysydh species is one of the indices. Kharg in the number of family members Lvmbrysydh (Lumbricidaeo) 8 in each ring and called the number Lvmbrysyn (Lumbricine) call. Some of these fibers in Kmtaran evolution Yafthtr such Mgaskvlsydh number of each paragraph in the middle belt and produce that is almost complete (1) The distribution of fibers in each section varies depending on the worm. If the distance between the fibers is very low in each of them "close pair" Closely - Paired and if their distance is greater than their so-called "loose coupling" Widely-Paired, and if the distance is so great that the pair is not specified Their so-called "round" or "distant pair" Distant-Paired called. (Figure 9) the distance between each pair of Kharg and the next pair for each species were fixed and Kharg with the letters d, c, b, a ventral on each side of the Kharg begins (Figure 7) between Kharg than a typical feature in earthworms used systematically, for example, the proportion of fear Lvmbrykvs tris belt genital area (Clitellum) is thus: Aa: ab: bd: cd: dd = 6:4:14:3:4 this distance as a The equation can be expressed as fibers ab4 = aa or abcd main task is to ensure that the worm from one place to another is done by connecting the fibers to different materials and their other roles, as mentioned, is helping to mating. Figure 9: Different types of silk fibers in different species of earthworms Seata 133 pores through sexual reproduction of earthworms and sometimes Partnvzhnz is done. Hrmafrdvyt earthworms are dominant. Male and female reproductive organs outside the body holes are open. This pair of holes on the ventral surface and lateral surfaces of the body are observed. Sex in the holes on the body side Lvmbrysydh levels of the fifteenth and rarely seen on the thirteenth of each hole on a gender gap in depression is like that in some species by the shape of lips, or glandular, and often surrounded by the clause usually two pairs of worms later developed sperm receptor pore (Spermathcal Pors) in the ninth and tenth paragraphs are based on the number of earthworm species varies. The pore by a narrow canal leading to the sperm receptor bags and when they are mating, sperm from the genital pores and the pores of a couple towards the front of the couple's sperm receptor is inside the bags. Sexual material and a pair of holes generally between dams or on Drhfrh Ykbnd seen. Date and location of these holes are often found in a family, they are considered fixed and identifiable characteristics. Other pores, holes are the rays that are seen in most Kmtaran the small window to a landscape of the holes between the chambers behind the dams are located on the center line of semi-aquatic and aquatic species, but there are none. In non-aquatic species are also usually a couple of holes in the back of the holes are not seen in public Bahfrh body cavity fluid communication materials are found. Dorsal position of the holes used as a systematic character. These holes are barely recognizable in some species, unlike those of some species K·htvst holes are surrounded by a dark colored area. Other openings in the wall of the body are tiny pores and Bzhmt Nfrydy be seen in the right hind seal gaps between the side surfaces of the body and form a single string on both sides are widespread throughout the body. These pores are the external window to a landscape that earthworm excretory organs are usually considered as dorsal holes, are kept closed by sphincter muscles. Belt 134 genitourinary (Clitellum) belt genital glandular part of the local production of epidermal cocoon or egg capsules is holding some form of this ring-shaped saddle horse, and sometimes it is the first type is the common Lvmbrysydh. This section generally swollen and sometimes it seems like it could also work on the apparent color change was detected. In cases where the belt is swollen genitals, such as those seen in adult Lvmbrysydhhay, gaps between the provisions are unclear or completely disappear. Darker colors generally Prydhtr genital belts or other parts of the body and sometimes red is quite different from other parts of the body. Number and location of the stanza, it grows back completely on the variable reproductive and family creams Lvmbrysydh the loop holes in the front of the body behind the penis. It begins between 22 and 38 rings is about 4 to 10 rings on the rear. When puberty is characterized by symptoms of earthworms and the glandular bumps on the back side of the body in the vagina can be seen in different species of Stephenson (1930) showed that the belt genital glands (Tubercula Pubertats) is usually less than its number of belt loops are occupied, it seems that these organs are used to keep the worms in mating mode. Genital belt status as a feature used to identify species because of its location and the number of occupied paragraphs with little change is constant for each species. 14 Experimental studies show that biological conditions of each type of lighting Gryzannd worms. Their days were hidden mode and night to shine a light on them, quickly kill your back. All earthworms to mechanical vibrations, such as heavy footsteps on sensitive land. Supposedly able to hear the sound vibrations are in the air. The back garden with a spade as if they are away from the light, seeking contact with earth Brmyaynd. Because worms breathe moisture on the skin cuticles, so the worms have adapted to the humid environment of the land. Unpleasant gases or chemical irritants in the air causes the worm to retreat into their holes are. Generally, conditions very different biological species of earthworms in terms of their activity is influenced by different environmental factors that are important are summarized as follows: temperature, specific heat of earthworms in their life can be. All critical activities such as reproduction, growth, and their distribution is affected by ambient temperature. The time required for the worms out of the cocoon on the ambient temperature. Ventilation: earthworms are suitable for the continued vitality of the need for land Thvyh heavy clay soils with no porosity or the environment are not suitable for this species. PH: PH earthworm soil was sensitive to, so in many cases, the diversity and distribution of this species in soil limits. Humidity, moisture content and dry environment, earthworms, another factor which is effective in their horizontal distribution and the public. This topic in different countries with different latitudes, it is clearly evident. Since about 75 to 90% body weight Krmkhaky is composed of water, they need a lot of water in dry soil, mostly disappear. Nutrition: the main food of earthworms and decayed remains of dead plant debris including root crops and manure are also. The type and amount of food available, not only on population but on different earthworm species and the rate of growth and impact. Ecology of earthworms Chapter 1. Relationships between organisms and the ecology of earthworm ecology inanimate world they have been defined and is known as the earthworm named this creature live inside the soil and therefore the effects that these animals on soil fauna in their environment environment influences their undeniable influence on the distribution and number of earthworms in the area at the beginning of this discussion to examine the effects of earthworms put on their biological environment and then examine the effects earthworms have on the environment will be studied . 21 The effect of earthworms on earthworms on soil environment have three different effects that include: physical and mechanical effects, the effects of chemical and biological effects of other factors also affect the distribution and publication of various species, which shall continue briefly examine each of them. 211 (a) improve the mechanical effects of soil structure is the best type of soil structure spherical granular two categories [1] and foam [2] is divided; activity of earthworms in the soil, creates spongy structure; waste remaining cream and organic matter decomposition release caused by microorganisms in the soil particles together Chsbndhay that this material is very resistant to Khakdanhhayy sticks and ultimately create. The fungal strands extending into the cavities created by earthworms to soil stability and thereby helps to reduce soil erosion as well. The change in soil texture and soil depth engulf the worms go deep into the soil and bring to the surface. Gizzard worm in the coarse particles are pulverized and the particles become such a sandy soil that earthworms Zratsh was larger than half a millimeter smaller than the particles of 2/0 mm made. Worms usually larger particles into smaller particles and located below the image that the action of wind or water erosion of soil. A uniform soil profile to transport organic matter from surface layers to lower layers of the soil and transporting materials (clay, limestone, etc.) to the soil surface, causing the soil profile is uniform. The increase in soil aggregate stability after the cream out of the digestive tract, containing aggregate larger and are more resistant. Depends on the type of worm increase aggregate stability and soil organic matter is especially value. Mineral soils poor in organic matter so that such increase is not observed. The cause of this resistance to change, accelerated decomposition of organic matter and humic substances synthesized by the gut flora of worms and then fixed part of the organic compounds on soil mineral particles and also smeared seeds of this internal secretion glands lime cream and finally covered the discharge slimy and sticky with cream or microflora in the gastrointestinal tract which is the aggregate total of increased resistance is building. The increase in soil water holding capacity, resulting in the formation of complex organic matter with mineral particles and the coarser aggregate, excreta of earthworms [3] 43 times its weight of water are absorbed. And increase soil water infiltration in soil pores due to increased percentage of 102-fold increase. Improving the ventilation and drainage in soils is evident that the activity of earthworms, the pores filled with air,% 3018 is higher than other soils. 212 Effects of chemical evolution of the role of earthworms in soil humus can be compared to Moore containing a small number of soil earthworms and moles, with an understanding that the number of earthworms in the soil due to effects of large mole earthworms fundamentally change its horizons and horizontal differentiation is evident in the soil with humus layers and Moore are the classes. Transformation mechanism is thus in the gut contents of earthworms in neutral or slightly alkaline and the resulting ammonia is present in the gastric environment. With higher amounts of fecal material on alkaline PH soil and organic matter decomposition process is effective. However, because bacterial activity in neutral to slightly alkaline reaction, good well-done. The indirect effect of these microorganisms in breaking the molecules of organic compounds and produce better humus has a mole whereas with low acidity, the growth of fungi and humus is produced from Moore. Burrowing species of earthworms are responsible for the main role in the mixing process. And do this in two stages. In the first stage of swallowing a mixture of organic and inorganic soil particles, organic and inorganic complexes Tshykl are increased in the second stage with a stool at the soil surface, the following is a brief mention of each one. First stage: formation of organic and inorganic complexes, which takes place in different ways. Significant part of organic materials and inorganic cement may also occur and electrostatic bridges between negatively charged particles such as calcium and Katyvnhayy be connected to the organic or inorganic particles. The formation of the complexes of metal ions to create a field that is stored in the soil and washing the organic and inorganic particles were also wiped out by the secretions thin and transparent membrane, the anterior part of the bowel is blind and conditions of these factors modified fertility applied to the soil. Second stage: Single earthworms from organic and inorganic particles from the deeper parts of the soil profile to a level where it will and other burrowing species they may be pieces of organic matter in mineral soils from the soil into your pores and kill the bilateral action on organic matter in deep mine Dalanhay mineral soils, frequently associated with fecal excretion of nutrients from deep soil profiles on the running surface. (Figure 10) Figure 10: The profiles of soil presence of earthworms and without the presence of earthworms evidence exists that the concentration of calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus and molybdenum absorbed in the faeces of earthworms from the environment around them, and this phenomenon In many areas, including the United States, Africa, India and other regions have been reported. The same report adds that the PH and carbon and nitrogen concentrations were also higher than the ambient soil and plants grown in nutrient cycling has had a positive influence. Table 2 The concentration of nutrients in excreta of earthworms, and worms as well as the environment. Forest soil samples soil depth of 40-20 cm 15-0 cm excrements excreta A1 A3 B exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium 2790 1990 481 294 747 155 171 492 162 69 418 140 43 59 358 32 27 230 138 32 25 Fsfrqabljzb potassium 67 9 Nitrate 8 9 7 3 3 9/21 7/4 7/1 of total carbon 17/5 35/3 11/1 6/15 9/5 1/2 of 1% total N 353/0146/0 81/0 625/0 327/0 13/0 064/0 7/14 8/13 8/12 1/25 1/18 3/16 0/15 7 4/6 6 3/5 6/4 6/4 7/4 Drsdashbabary 93 74 55 63 32 18 12 Table 2: Chemical composition and excreta of earthworms in soil are compared with the same material (Lvnt and Jacobson 1944) Effects of feces in food distribution and transmission are also important because earthworms seeds and soil particles during transport from one part to another part of its profile low nutrient solution and then transforming the data to be used so that the plant is put in its possession. Fertility and soil fertility: the activity of earthworms accelerates ion mobility in the soil profile are the level and depth. At this stage, they can release chemicals into the soil of certain nutrients in the basal state and fixing the form to be absorbed into the plant. This process is performed by earthworms Bhdv direct and indirect N mineralization is a direct effect of this element is commonly used form of non-organic complexes in soil and plant there after passing through the digestive tract of earthworms, and then to nitrite, first ammonia and is converted to nitrate. Direct effect on earthworms increase soil fertility, increased activity of microorganisms and animals such as vitamins, especially vitamin splashing in the production of root stimulator is 12B. Therefore, the role of earthworms in the context of reform and other factors are mentioned directly in fertility and increase soil fertility and crop are effective. Biological effects of 213 A) increase in respiratory activity of soil b) Facilitation of plant roots penetrate deep into the soil, there is the root of the diffusion of soil, created by Hungarian prefer worms. C) The total number of microorganisms around 54 percent increased their activity. Including the number of microorganisms in the soil increases, we can provide a variety of nitrogen fixation, Ntyryfykatvrha, Mvnyfykatvrha and vitamin B12 producers pointed out. Meanwhile, the number and activity typically increases Aktynvmystha. It is the rest of the worms, microorganisms consume and digest plant disease and eventually cause the release nutrient for plant nutrition are present in their bodies, to the extent of mold growth is prevented and a large number of algae and bacteria, Bacillus cereus [4] vanish. When earthworms are added to the culture media content with eating the organic waste, analyze and transform them altogether. The worms digest the food faster, leading to the change process and the compost is stabilized. This process can be divided into four stages.operating free of any pathogens, weed seeds and is Hshrhay other earthworms as a biological refineries, fertilizer treatment and initial stabilization of the procedure on bacterial populations confirms nitrogen and phosphorus are added. Figure 11: The amount and types of organisms within the context of earthworms breeding worms eat organic waste material, analyze and transform them altogether. The worms digest the food faster, leading to the change process and the compost is stabilized. The result is high quality Krmykmpvsty achieving equality with the highest world standards. Worm compost fertilizer production method for the aerobic composting system (complicated maze of corridors dug by earthworms), no bad smell from the compost does not place its products are free from pathogenic germs and harmful microorganisms. 22 factors affecting the distribution of the worms are able to withstand 221 climatic factors as temperature or excessive heat or cold so that they are not low below freezing point during the few hours they all disappear. Similarly, if most of them in medium heat for a few days to reach over 25 degrees Celsius will not be able to continue living and coping with temperatures often disproportionate to Dalanhay their refuge in underground. Climatic conditions in different seasons in the vertical and horizontal reaction earthworms had direct involvement not only in an annual period but also during the day and the number of vertical and horizontal divisions of their own show. So that sunrise and sunset during the day and night creams work on the soil surface is higher and so that climate seasons have more balance, and the number of earthworms in the seasonal increase in poor condition The rest are optional courses to choose their animals (Figure 3). As shown in the diagram in the months of Jan and Feb, which is equivalent to the months of January and February and July to September is the equivalent of Jun and Aug earthworms more depth to your life altogether. Figure 3 Seasonal distribution of earthworms earthworms you know the body weight of 9075% is composed of water. If the soils dried earthworms do not avoid or very low humidity. To be sure, your body will lose all the moisture they can get some creams like L.terrestris to 70% or Chlorotical A. 75% of total body water to lose themselves and remain alive, but in general Lvmbrysydh families able to% 50 percent of their body to lose water weight. In addition to heat and cold and dry soil moisture is also one of the factors in the vertical and horizontal distribution of earthworms and this is effective in different countries with different latitudes is apparent well as the activities of earthworms in the tropics The main chapters are restricted to warm temperate and humid regions of India is only 7 months 4 months of the season between May to October rainfall are active. As can be concluded that in some species have the ability to withstand drought conditions better than others, for example, species and E.foetida A.Longa L.terrestris and if drought conditions if they migrate to lower areas such as deep A.caliginoa not migrate to the soil loses its water and vice versa. Species-specific region of West Africa is Millsonia anomalla who lives at 10 cm above the soil. Normally it just depends on the moisture content when soil moisture falls. And below 7% until the cream had been met and if it dies when soil moisture conditions to reach 108 percent cream back to the initial state and optimal humidity is about 17% higher than the amount of cream again for the instability mode caused. A group of worms that are able to penetrate in the soil, in dry seasons and taken refuge in the deep Dalanhay Ataqk·hay for summer break, the ball will gather around her and without any action to re-wet the soil where they remain, worms can be at rest until about half of their body water, and even some species of the previously mentioned 75% of their body weight to lose, and in such cases will tolerate dry months. It is necessary that Bzkr Pylhhay (Cocoons) earthworms can better tolerate drought conditions to the environment. (Figure 4) Figure 4 222 excavation and rising soil physical factors Thtalarz: One of the important functions of earthworms in soil drilled horizontal and vertical channels is a complicated maze of corridors and their depth distribution in terms of how different species of earthworms. Ways that are caused by these organisms from other networks, including Dalanhayy immediately below the soil surface is created, and by way of output are related to the soil surface and the other involves a deep Dalanhayy is simple and more or less vertical. Some earthworm species such Lvbvfvra Kalygnvza (A.Caliginosa) and want that to about 33 cm below the soil surface, while the other species of the genus Lvbvfvra like Nvktvrnavtrstrys (A.terrestris, A.nocturna) to a depth of about 2 5 1 / m can penetrate the soil and the Lvmbrykvs Trstrys (L.terrestris) the most abundant species in the soil of Europe and America goes down almost to a depth of 2 m (Figure 5) Figure 5: The Biology of earthworms deep drainage and air, soil, earthworms are two ways to improve ventilation and drainage of soil. First dig a channel through which increased drainage in the soil and thus undermining its ventilation will cause the surface layers. Research has shown that earthworms Daymv Dimo ​​1938 in irrigated alfalfa fields in a canal about 15 million hectares have been excavated in the soil and thus increased water infiltration into the soils are deep and my Idol of the Edelman 1945 in the Netherlands the number of channels dug in the soil of an orchard with about 5 million Lvmrsy major channel number and the number of channels smaller than a hectare in the report. Fink and his studies in Germany in 1982 in the field Thtalarz layer manure was well, the number of channels in the soil of the usual 10 million and has about one million reports. Irrigation canals and cavities of the main tubes and penetrate plant roots and soil air form. Ivan C.Evan (1948) in their studies reported that the percentage of soil porosity in the top few centimeters of soil and pastures where earthworms have been about 67%, about 40% of the cavities and Astvkly Stokli 1928 percent compared to earthworms The total porosity of the soil in the garden 4/2 million earthworms found in a hectare, about 9070% is reported. Proved that earthworms research conducted on the moisture holding capacity of soil and water and drainage and ventilation are both factors of crop growth significantly in soil fertility will attend. 223 chemical effects earthworms have a significant effect on the decomposition of plant debris and the remains of carbon to nitrogen ratio C / N in the vital ingredients that are added to the soil is very important because plants can not absorb inorganic nitrogen unless the ratio of 1 to 12 or be less earthworms waste products and carcasses of leaves and gradually use the C / N ratio and reduced during its metabolism by burning carbon in this fall mainly obtained during breathing. However, it is excreta of earthworms including metabolic products of nitrogen in the form of ammonium salts or urea and uric acid is likely that there is sufficient ventilation of the worms in the environment of these materials are readily converted to nitrate. Thus in the fecal material of inorganic nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen in the material is swallowing. Diamonds and Barley and jenning Jynyng studies in 1959 showed that the species A.Caliginosa about 4/6 per cent of non-soluble nitrogen into soluble compounds are swallowed, the earthworm tissues containing more than 70% of the protein rapidly decomposes to ammonia and nitrogen from soil nitrate is imported. Usually disposed of or returned to the soil from the mouth of a cream containing soluble salts of calcium, potassium, magnesium and calcium and phosphorus absorption convertible are more mineral nutrition available on most of those experiments are reported that the soils earthworms are generally of higher ion exchange capacity. Worms are very effective in increasing soil nitrogen, these animals secrete large amounts of nitrogen that almost half of a slimy substance secreted by epidermal glands are Mvkvprvtyyny and by the cells and the other half is au with liquid ammonia, urea and uric acid probably All these substances are secreted from the pores is Aztdar Nfrydy cells secreted by the cream or solution or to the activity of soil microflora become WAP solution. Furthermore, because about 54 to 72 percent dry weight of worms in the body comprises a significant amount of protein nitrogen in the decomposition of their bodies is added to the soil. The body of a dead worm can be calculated as per mg10 mg nitrate is produced, thus the composition of the population of a million earthworms per hectare, 2217 kg nitrogen per hectare per digit can be created and the average age of the cream is almost a year to be an annual increase of nitrate than the annual mortality of populations of earthworms are common. Effects of PH: Effects of soil chemical Drkhvas other worms, it is the change in PH, reports obtained so far indicate that earthworms live in a wide range of soil PH is usually lower in heavy soils with poor drainage are and if the amount of absorbable calcium in the soil is high amount of calcium and assisted by special glands of Co2, in the form of calcium carbonate and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere Thus the removal of some soil-applied, usually PH substances from the digestive tract is near neutral cream Bhdvd pass this issue may be the result of calcareous secretions of glands or secretions of the intestinal worms. PH of about 7 to live earthworms prefer and why the activity of neutral and alkaline soils and their number is more acidic soils. Limitation of earthworms in acid soils often lack of calcium in these soils is believed that the evidence is that earthworms to the ions H + are very sensitive and therefore PH soil, an important factor to publish them on the population of earthworms and The number of individuals and the number of species, impacts, and these effects through comparison of results from sampling of different places Bakhak·hay been proven, and in general we can say that species lower in acid soils with a PH below 5 to soils, alkaline live and neutral. Effects of insecticide and pesticide, earthworms are sensitive to pesticides and may contain large quantities of pesticides in soils that are important in their lives and contaminated soils passing through your intestines, these materials gradually absorb into your body This was important in terms of ecology and food chain because earthworms by some types of birds, amphibians and mammals are eaten and the concentration of these substances will accumulate in the body than the final consumers. More sensitive to heavy metal worms that high levels of soil contamination with metals and low levels of infestation of worms is low, these substances in body tissues and excreta of earthworms Yadr gather. The earthworms can be used as a biological indicator. Increased to moderate levels of contamination, only large worms (high weight) remain. Contamination of tissue and excreta of earthworms is much more. Of resistance to toxic elements, while the resistance of the earthworm is more resistant than mollusks, earthworms is higher. Reports indicate that the amounts of insecticide residues in soil such as earthworms Organocliforin or DDT in all kinds of worms are not equal to a high concentration of insecticides in their tissues, but will not implement the highest concentrations were found in species A.Chorolica a type of small worms and live in soil and in species with larger size can be seen as less likely L.terrestris A.Longa and higher values ​​are associated with habits and where they live up to their size, in addition to this some of pesticides and insecticides such as O.Phosphorus O.Chlorin and earthworms in the body decomposes and can be converted to other chemicals. Given the above as may be appropriate that the existing Krmkhaky reagent (indicator) of farmland are polluted with chemical analysis of their body or toxins in the soil can be achieved. Table 3 Comparison between the minerals present in the wastes of their biological depths of earthworms and soil Casts 3925 8330 C 350 336 N 11 16 C: N ratio 68 102 P (apun regia) 2/2 137 P (799 1097 K (so 7 446 K (5 8/3 PH 4 4/5 PH in Table 4 soil mineral elements in terms of mg per 100 g dry weight of worms Vkythay third season farming techniques and applications of three different methods of breeding earthworms earthworms 31 history is an important link in the chain vertebrates and invertebrates are many diet (1983 (Mackdonald therefore not surprising that early humans from the animals for food and has been using as bait (1987 (Bowche, research shows that the use of earthworms found in animal waste for feeding livestock, and fishing is popular in the 18th century (1782 (Milocco but until the twentieth century, California has begun commercial production of earthworms for fishing. centers, thus, low cost ways to grow worms and used adding nutrients to the culture of earthworms to bed cream segment. In 1942 two men named Oliver and Barrett have suggested that the feeding of the earthworms and the materials they have used for the improvement of agricultural soils. studies were also organic waste to earthworms for use in Germany (1974 (Graff and later in America by (1977

The pasture soil that had been lacking, and improved soil fertility, some minerals (Nielson 1951, Langmaid 1964, Stockdill 1981, Springett 1984 and 1987, Cury 1988). Finally, the industry developed rapidly in all parts of cream and advisor Global sales of earthworms and vermicompost [1] began. According to reports in Japan, extensive research of the seventies onwards, including Ayzynya Fvtyda on earthworms (Eisenia foetida) was performed and the various applications of it have (Frmhmdy 1369) . also Ktabnamhhay case studies detailed in the earthworm by Sashl and Martin (1981 and 1984) Varns Hmvly (1985) published material relating to the cultivation of earthworms, they are briefly mentioned. Sysms Vzhral (1985) research on shape, and function types of earthworms that have done these activities continue. earthworm farming technologies in recent years and multi-purpose use of earthworms in the world in recent years to develop technology and multi-purpose use of its popularity in the world and almostearthworms extensive work began. 3-2 - uses earthworms in developed countries because of the cream having 70% protein is used in the following cases: 1. use of human proteins in other countries including the United States Food is used as the canned variety for salads, cooking foods, different kinds of drinks and food chain stores such as McDonald's is the most expensive [2], according to our culture is not the purpose of using it for now. ( The worm itself as a protein) 2. consumption of animal protein: protein due to overpopulation and the need for healthy people, produce and livestock, poultry and fish, the fundamental needs of people and strengthen the economic vigor and the villagers are farmers. The feeding of livestock, poultry and fish with earthworms as a food with high protein and increase the quality of its products and the need to import products such as chicken feed, livestock and a variety of dietary supplements to reduce Rdmahy. of this species for the first time In the 18th century AD, for feeding livestock and poultry were used. the feeding stage, larval fish, tend to use live food there, because in many cases, human knowledge is still able to provide artificial kidney nutrient requirements of larvae not cover these needs live food optimal solution and is confident. most important live food intake Krmkhaky the percentage of protein than other species and also contains omega-3 is also. use these instead of products in addition to increasing growth and meat quality of[3]. 3. as raw materials in the production of cosmetic 4. As already mentioned in this cream due to protein and omega-3 abundance as a material constituent of cosmetics and health. In 1985. 5. as raw materials in manufacturing the drug, including one of the most important new applications of this cream to help pharmaceutical and medical industry is the pharmaceutical and medical products, dietary supplements as drugs, relaxation of sectors, including anti-cancer drugs are. collected Krmkhaky of the natural environment is often more successful in the spring nights. the worms are out of their holes at night and the pay cycle, the same night as they say round fur or night. with a flashlight and be in compliance with the silence of the night , worms in the garden, on the ground or in the layers near the surface, especially when seeking the chance to plant your garden in the evening, the water should be doubled. Remember, strong light and heavy vibrations cause the worms to escape . If Qvhtan LED light is strong or Znndhay can cover it with paper opaque to light radiation use. also marked the Krmhaykhaky are oblivious to the red light after red light filters can use. Well if you do not want your nights Search Krmkhaky give them to waste no choice but to catch the worm. Remember that the spring hunting season Krmkhaky best (and most animals): 1. simplest way is to know which part of the ground water is close Krmkhaky . the worms to the surface are less than 15 minutes. This usually gives a better answer to the evening because of the coolness in the air layers near the surface to kill worms and wet earth, come out faster. 2. in the Krmkhaky ground is wet with a cloth and then they are wide and Tfalhchayy Mtqal shed on the fabric. worms after a while, will gather on cloth. 3. in the water with a concentration of 55% / 0 formalin mixture and throw on the ground . smell of formalin causes the worms of the earth be removed sooner. 4. in the moist earth we then a relatively thick piece of wood (timber) in the soft soil of the earth and we deal with it or if we saw it. The effect of these vibrations, worms secret place out on. 5. in this way in the fishing electrical Krmkhaky, from a steel bar of 5 mm diameter and with the insulation used in building. the rod to the power voltage 220 and current intensity 3 to 5 mA can be connected. the rod in the ground is wet we are down. with the connection, the worms come out of the soil. years for various electrical appliances in the world, some of which are caught Krmkhaky to enter the market with a battery, such as car batteries, work. 3-3-1. methods for sampling and collecting earthworms collected from nature, there are several methods, but sampling in time and space is important because earthworms are always and everywhere the same distribution. best time for the sampling which is caused by excessive rainfall, the worms to the soil surface to breathe as the seasons are mild and wet years. the sampling locations depending on what is the purpose of sampling is different. can be said in general, to find their bodies painted red earthworms that. purpose is to biopsy, because the gain of earthworms for later examination, different things done on it, usually there are four main reasons for sampling include: (a) identifying a region of earthworms the population of earthworms and their distribution rate per unit area to obtain a large number of earthworms collected for culture and the proliferation of earthworms in artificial substrates to supply (or semi-industrial production), including methods of collecting earthwormsThe major overhaul and the earthworms in the soil, tending to separate them by hand. of this method for purposes of the above-mentioned A and C are used. 3-3-1-2. electrical method is thus that the two electrodes 75 cm longHowever, if the soil is dry worms on the lower surface or below the image will move with the creams that are about 20 cm to one meter electrodes are stimulated by this method for sampling earthworms, which are used in areas of deep soil biology be. 3-3-1-3. chemical methods of different chemicals that are dissolved in the soil for earthworms are rising. For example soluble mercuric chloride, formaldehyde, Bnmk, potassium permanganate, and ... if 15 ml solution of mercuric chloride dissolved in water and then we go Bsth soil worms will come quickly to the soil surface or if the 5/1 g of potassium permanganate in 8/6 liters of water we use we can make a square. 25th ml of 40% formalin in 56/4 liters water and then a 36/0 m was used, but if that is the most common and S·hlalvsvltryn worms to grow and maintain them by water washing, and we want to be immediately due We remove formaldehyde from the body. But the best way to rise Byzrrtryn earthworms using concentrated salt water (at saturation). In this method, the earthworms are not damaged and can be used for all purposes of sampling. test : collected by 4 liters of water to fill a container of chemicals first, then add the salt until it can take up to saturation, salt water produced on the land area of ​​one square meter m2 1 × 1 pour. then wait earthworms to come out until you start. creams and collected them in a separate sheet of note. 2 4 liters of water to fill a container, then add one tablespoon of sodium Prmngat to it and stir it well. solution Mgnat sodium on the land area of ​​one square meter m2 1 × 1 fold, then wait until the earthworms are starting to come out, the worms were collected and they note. number of worms collected Compare. which method, bed, poured them in certain places that some elements in the above disciplines with a strong light into and out of the cold water underneath it, thus, are feared to light and heat earthworms that the bottom and supernatant soil without earthworms are practically the same amount of soil you removed every few minutes until just stay within earthworms. then washed and ready they will consume. of, were collected by light of a box of earthworms Please, put the box exposed to strong light (you can use a reading lamp or sunlight), while the size of the box, remove 5 cm of soil, earthworms do so Repeat until only remain in the box. 3-3-2. identification of the work of earthworms earthworms collected from the same time begins the date and place of registration should be collected. earthworms are found in high mobility during unfavorable environmental conditions, and this when used with It works best to create problems for samples prepared with the samples must be fixed or fixed in release mode. This means the body of worms and not the state have the necessary flexibility. one of the important points in the classification of earthworms Thus their morphology is apparent in this section and the external organs of earthworms that are important in their classification of the experiment are examined. 3-3-2-1. experiment fixation and preparation for identifying earthworms first name Sampling locations in the above table we earthworm number 5 of the environment (soil) apart and clean it so that the particles do not have with the environment. then recorded the weight and working table above. Three Ptrydysh prepared and They were prepared to continue working on different solutions. Ptrydysh in a solution of aldehyde and alcohol to form aldehyde ratio of 1 and 2 forms of alcohol, aldehyde, we form a dilute solution in the second Ptrydysh% 10-5 throw. earthworms in the first solution that, at this stage of the dying and their secretion of a chemical that can be 3 colors yellow, white, and is colorless. color seen in the chart we enter the second solution and after 1 minute 30 seconds it taken out and the ventral on board wooden set and body to the right and straight we do this, one end of it with forceps and by pen, hair in a solution Ptrydysh third (soluble in water and form aldehyde ratio of 10 to 1) I was soaked to the free end Mymalym example, this practice has two benefits, one that prevents the body from absorbing water is sudden and Dygraynk·h Grftnkrm helps to direct mode. the state of the samples was measured along the ruler and the table, working notes, then 5% formalin into the tube and throw on it and its mouth closed by a cork and leave it in a labeled and numbered according to the table, we note, for two days to the tube containing the sampletending to enter into the following table. first specify the type of mouth before working the count and the total number of earthworms in the above paragraphs, tending the genital belt placement on the seal, we seal the count, the location of the mouth beforeKharg's pay after morphological studies, earthworms from the abdominal area and the location we specify male and female gonads and we mentioned in the table. once again got the order to summarize the work may identify: (1) the total number paragraphs 2 through sample after sample weight stabilized three secretory 4 colors 5 colors 6 of the earthworm's body belt 7 Place the first hole on the belt genital glands develop respiratory 8 9 10 Place Khark gonads of a number of mouth openings Avlynsvrakhpshty Tnaslynr pore Tnaslymadh Kmrbndtnasly Vzytkhak·ha Ghddkmrbnd 3-3-3. life cycle and biology of animal reproduction, two sex ie earthworm has both male and female reproductive organs alone, all located in the abdomen. mating methods are not the same for all species, earthworms inopposite directions are then formed every worm cocoon number (Cocoon) that the eggs are inside so they can E.Foetida within 3 to 5 days between 2 to 10 numbers from 1 to number of eggs in each cocoon 28 numbers will change, but often only one or two worms to create the world comes alive and the size and shape is different earthworms and cocoons of the classification criteria are used (Fig. 5). within each Several egg cocoon seen that only one or two of them managed to complete development to the adult animal is an adult worm species L.rubelus every 7 to 10 days, which puts an egg in there for about 2 to 20 embryos . test Pylhhay study produced 5 eggs separated from the environment to cultivate earthworms. then wash it, take note of the color of each egg. the eggs collected from each pull on a white paper. and then Compare the following forms: you can guess about what species are these eggs? 3-3-4. processing earthworms in different ways and this animal is used in different places, so different in terms of its application will be subject consuming companies. good source for fish meal replacement powder Krmkhaky industry is producing synthetic food-producing livestock feed and aquatic plants, so can one of the main consumer of these products, the proteins extracted from earthworms also has many applications in personal care and cosmetics industries. of Live worms and fish, especially trout can be used for direct feeding, some species of earthworms are used to strengthen and reform of agricultural soils. 3-3-5. compost tea, compost tea is another product that comes from the worm compost. this product.